SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION APPROACHES TO ACCULTURATION

LECTURE OUTLINE Social identification approach What is identity and how does it change? Shifting identity Maintaining identity Models of identity and acculturation Unidimensional Balance Orthogonal and categorical

LECTURE OUTLINE (cont) Berry’s model of acculturation Acculturation and adaptation Interactive model of acculturation Prejudice and discrimination Applications of social identification theories ABCs of acculturation

Social Identification Identity Intergroup relations

Ethno-cultural identity: recognition, categorization and self identification as a member of an ethno-cultural group

Ethno-cultural Identity includes : * belongingness * centrality * evaluation * tradition

Shifting Identity *Age *Gender *Generation *Intercultural contact

Maintaining Identity *Age *Gender *Generation *Intercultural contact

HERITAGE CULTURE HOST CULTURE Unidimensional Model of Acculturation

Host Culture Biculturalism Heritage Culture Balance Model of Acculturation

CATEGORICAL MODEL OF ACCULTURATION Question 1: Is it important to maintain cultural identity? Question 2: Is it important to maintain positive relations with other groups? Q1. yesno yes Q2. no IntegrationAssimilation SeparationMarginalisation

Integration * strategy preferred by immigrants * associated with positive psychological and social outcomes

INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ETHNO-CULTURAL YOUTH *Participating countries: United States, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Great Britain, Netherlands, Germany, Portugal, France, Israel, Australia, New Zealand *Participants: Over 6000 native born and immigrant students, years old *NZ sample: Pakeha, Maori, Pacific Nation, Chinese

Preference for Acculturation Strategies In Pacific Nation and Chinese Students

Integration and Adaptation in Immigrant groups PACIFIC NATION *School Adjustment ( r =.18) CHINESE *Life satisfaction (r =.23) *Behavioural Problems (r = -.30)

NZ Diplomats Psychological Adaptation * Co-national identification associated with less depression * Integrated were less depressed than assimilated Sociocultural Adaptation * Host national identification associated with fewer social difficulties * Assimilated and integrated had less social difficulties than marginalized who had less difficulties than separated

Interactive Acculturation Model (Bourhis) *Integration *Assimilation *Segregation (Separation) *Exclusion (Marginalization) *Individualism (Marginalization)

Interactive Acculturation Model Immigrant Community: Host Community IntegrationAssimilationSeparation Anomie Individualism I ntegration Consensual ProblematicConflictual Problematic Problematic Assimilation Problematic ConsensualConflictual ProblematicProblematic Segregation Conflictual ConflictualConflictual ConflictualConflictual Exclusion Conflictual ConflictualConflictual ConflictualConflictual Individualism Problematic ProblematicProblematic ProblematicConsensual

Preference for Acculturation Strategies In NZ Pakeha, Maori, Pacific Nation and Chinese Students

Attitudes toward Migrants (105 Maori and 213 non-Maori) * 65% overall preferred integration * but 56% Maori favored exclusion and 41% integration

Applications programmes for facilitating integration and enhancing intergroup relations

AFFECT: STRESS AND COPING THEORIES Processes involved in coping with cultural change Affective Outcomes: Psychological Adjustment Behavioral Outcomes: Sociocultural Adaptation Processes involved in acquiring specific skills Cognitive Outcomes: Cultural Identity and Intergroup Perceptions Processes involved in developing, changing and maintaining identity COGNITIONS: SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION THEORIES BEHAVIOUR: CULTURE LEARNING THEORIES ABC’s of Acculturation