28/02/2016 Products from Rocks The New Bridge Academy (AQA)

28/02/2016Limestone Limestone is a __________ rock made up of mainly calcium carbonate. It’s cheap and easy to obtain. Some uses: 1) Building materials – limestone can be quarried and cut into blocks to be used in _______. However, it is badly affected by ____ ____. 2) Glass making – glass is made by mixing limestone with _____ and soda: 3) Cement making – limestone can be “roasted” in a rotary kiln to produce dry cement. It’s then mixed with sand and gravel to make _______. Limestone + sand + soda glass Words – sand, building, sedimentary, concrete, acid rain

28/02/2016Limestone If soil is too _____ crops will fail. Limestone can also be used as a neutralising agent. There are two reactions to know: 1) Firstly, a THERMAL _________________ reaction is used to break the calcium carbonate down into calcium oxide (quicklime) and _______ __________: 2) This is then “slaked” with water to produce calcium hydroxide (“_________ lime”): Calcium hydroxide is alkaline and is used to ______ acidic soil. Calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide HEAT Calcium oxide calcium hydroxide WATER Words – slaked, acidic, neutralise, decomposition, carbon dioxide

28/02/2016 The “Limestone Cycle” Calcium Carbonate (limestone) Calcium Oxide (lime or quicklime) Calcium Hydroxide (slaked lime) Calcium Hydroxide solution (limewater) Step 1: heat Step 2: add a little water Step 3: add more water and filter Step 4: add CO 2 CO 2 H2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2O

28/02/2016 The structure of the atom ELECTRON – negative, mass nearly nothing PROTON – positive, same mass as neutron (“1”) NEUTRON – neutral, same mass as proton (“1”) The Ancient Greeks used to believe that everything was made up of very small particles. I did some experiments in 1808 that proved this and called these particles ATOMS: Dalton

28/02/2016 The structure of the atom ParticleRelative MassRelative Charge Proton1+1 Neutron10 Electron0 MASS NUMBER = number of protons + number of neutrons SYMBOL PROTON NUMBER = number of protons (obviously)

28/02/2016 Periodic Table Introduction

28/02/2016 Mendeleev Periodic table Horizontal rows are called PERIODS Vertical columns are called GROUPS Hello. My name’s Dimitri Mendeleev. In the 19th century I arranged all the known elements into a pattern according to their properties. This pattern is called “The Periodic Table”

28/02/2016 Au Gold What does the periodic table tell you? The SYMBOL of the element The NAME of the element The PROTON NUMBER of the element The MASS of the element

28/02/2016 Elements and symbols that you should know: Part 1 – The obvious ones: 1)Hydrogen 2)Helium 3)Lithium 4)Beryllium 5)Boron 6)Carbon 7)Nitrogen 8)Oxygen 9)Fluorine 10)Neon 11)Magnesium 12)Aluminium 13)Silicon 14)Phosphorus H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Mg Al Si P

28/02/2016 Some more obvious ones: 15)Sulphur 16)Chlorine 17)Argon 18) Calcium 19) Zinc The less obvious ones: 1)Sodium 2)Potassium 3)Iron 4)Copper 5)Silver 6) Tin 7) Gold 8) Mercury 9) Lead S Cl Ar Ca Zn Na K Fe Cu Ag Sn Au Hg Pb

28/02/2016 Some simple compounds… Methane, CH 4 Water, H 2 O Carbon dioxide, CO 2 Ethyne, C 2 H 2 Sulphuric acid, H 2 SO 4 Key Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Sulphur “Bonds”

28/02/2016 Conservation of mass in reactions In any reaction the total mass of products is the same as the total mass of the reactants Example 1 – Magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid Mg O H Cl Mg Cl H H O H 1 x magnesium, 1 x oxygen, 2 x hydrogen and 2 x chlorine atoms Also 1 x magnesium, 1 x oxygen, 2 x hydrogen and 2 x chlorine atoms C H H H H O O O O O H H O H H C O O Example 2 – Burning methane

28/02/2016 Using metals Places were metals are usedWhy are metals used here? What are the disadvantages of metals? List at least 4:

28/02/2016 Extracting Metals A METAL ORE is a mineral or mixture of minerals from which it is “economically viable” to extract some metal. To “extract” a metal from a metal oxide we need to REDUCE the oxygen. This is called a REDUCTION reaction. To put it simply: Most ores contain METAL OXIDES (e.g. rust = iron oxide). Some definitions: Iron Oxide Iron ore “Reduce” the oxygen to make iron

28/02/2016 Oxide Iron How do we do it? Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Carbon Zinc Iron Tin Lead Copper Silver Gold Platinum Metals ABOVE CARBON, because of their high reactivity, are extracted by ELECTROLYSIS Metals BELOW CARBON are extracted by heating them with carbon in a BLAST FURNACE. This is a “displacement reaction” These LOW REACTIVITY metals won’t need to be extracted because they are SO unreactive you’ll find them on their own, not in a metal oxide Carbon

28/02/2016 Extracting metals 1)What is an ore? 2)In what form are metals usually found in the Earth? 3)How do you get a metal out of a metal oxide? 4)What is this type of reaction called? Type of metalExtraction processExamples High reactivity (i.e anything above carbon) Middle reactivity (i.e. anything below carbon) Low reactivity

28/02/2016 Using Iron Iron produced by the blast furnace (“cast iron”) contains about 96% iron and 4% impurities. These impurities make it very brittle and easy to break. Ironbridge, Shropshire – made out of cast iron and safe for horses and carts but not modern vehicles.

28/02/2016 Using Iron In pure iron all impurities are removed. This makes the iron soft: Adding 1% impurities makes the iron much stronger:

28/02/2016 Making steel Amount of carbon added (%) 0.5%1% Strong Weak 1.5% Strength Hardness Steel with a low carbon content is easily shaped Steel with a high carbon content is strong but brittle Steel with chromium and nickel is called stainless steel

28/02/2016Alloys Steel is an “alloy” – i.e. a mixture of metals. Here are other alloys: Gold mixed with copper Aluminium mixed with magnesium and copper Aluminiun mixed with chromium

28/02/2016 Smart Alloys A “smart alloy” is one that can “remember” its original state after being bent or stretched. These glasses are made from a “smart” material – if they are bent they will return to their original shape

28/02/2016 The Transition Metals 1) This section includes metals like gold, mercury, iron, copper Some facts… 2) They are all ______ and solid (except _________) 3) They are ____ reactive than the alkali metals Words – hard, coloured, mercury, less, catalyst, insoluble 4) They can form __________ compounds, usually _______ 5) They can be used as a ______ (a chemical that speeds up a reaction)

28/02/2016 Copper, Aluminium and Titanium MetalUses and whyExtraction method Problems CopperElectrical wires – good conductor ElectrolysisLimited supply Aluminium and titanium Planes – light and corrrosion resistant Complicated and expensive Expensive and difficult to extract Supplies of any raw material are limited so what are the options?

28/02/2016 Hydrocarbons and crude oil Longer chains mean… 1.Less ability to flow 2.Less flammable 3.Less volatile 4.Higher boiling point Increasing length Crude oil is a mixture of HYDROCARBONS (compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen). Some examples: Ethane C C H H H HH H Butane CC H H H HH H C C H H H H

28/02/2016 Fractional distillation Crude oil can be separated by fractional distillation. The oil is evaporated and the hydrocarbon chains of different lengths condense at different temperatures: Fractions with low boiling points condense at the top Fractions with high boiling points condense at the bottom

28/02/2016Alkanes Alkanes are SATURATED HYDROCARBONS. What does this mean? HYDROCARBONS are molecules that are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms SATURATED means that all of these atoms are held together by single bonds, for example: Ethane Alkanes are fairly unreactive (but they do burn well). The general formula for an alkane is C n H 2n+2 C C H H H HH H Butane CC H H H HH H C C H H H H

28/02/2016 Burning Fossil Fuels Burning fossil fuels like oil and coal causes pollution. Oil contains carbon: C H H H H O O O O O H H O H H C O O Carbon dioxide is a “greenhouse gas” – it helps cause global warming Coal contains carbon, sulphur and other particles: Sulphur + oxygen sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain. Particles can cause “global dimming” – sunlight is absorbed by the particles in the atmosphere.

28/02/2016 Other fuel sources Task: Identify two other fuel sources currently being developed and find out the following: 1)What is the source called and what is it made of? 2)Why is the fuel better than coal? 3)What are the disadvantages of this fuel?