Motivation & Emotion Motivation & Emotion Chapter 10: 1 Motivation & Emotion

Motivational Theories and Concepts Motives: needs, wants, desires leading to goal directed behavior Drive theories: engaging in activities that reduce tension, seeking homeostasis (internal/push) Incentive theories: engage in activities based on external stimuli (pull) -Expectancy Value Model: before engaging in behavior (1) expectancy about the chance you will succeed (2) is it worth it (value) Evolutionary theories: maximizing reproductive success Biological Motives: bodily needs (limited) Social Motives: originate in social experience (unlimited) 2 Motivation & Emotion

The diversity of human motives 3 Motivation & Emotion

The Motivation of Hunger & Eating: Biological Brain regulation –Lateral hypothalamus (LH): when lesioned no interest in eating –Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH): when lesioned could not stop eating –Paraventricular nucleus (PVN): neural circuits pass through hypothalamus (most modern view) Glucose and digestive regulation –Glucose comes from food & circulates in the blood (energy) –Glucostatic Theory: Low levels=hunger High levels=full Hormonal regulation –Insulin extracts glucose from blood (low= diabetes, high=hunger) –Leptin produced by fat cells (high=full) 4 Motivation & Emotion

The Hypothalamus 5 Motivation & Emotion

The Motivation of Hunger & Eating: Environmental Factors Learned preferences & habits –Exposure –When, as well as what Food-related cues –Appearance, odor, effort required Stress –Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating 6 Motivation & Emotion

Eating & Weight: The Roots of Obesity Obesity: body fat exceeding 20% (US 31%men, 35% woman) BMI: weight /height squared (over 30 is obese) Evolutionary explanations Genetic Predisposition: there is a genetic vulnerability to obesity –Body Mass Index & adoption study –Excessive eating & inadequate exercise Set Point: body monitors fat cells & keeps them stable Settling Point: weight remains stable with food intake & exercise. To move set point you must change diet or exercise for a long period of time Dietary Restrains: when restraining diets, dieters over eat & gain weight after the diet. 7 Motivation & Emotion

The Heritability of Weight 8 Motivation & Emotion

Sexual Motivation & Behavior: Determining Desire Hormonal Regulation-Gonads –Estrogens (Females/Ovaries) –Androgens AKA Testosterone (Males/Testes) * Testosterone are related to sexual motivation in both sexes *Drugs lower testosterone and reduce sexual desire Erotic materials - Exposure to material elevates the likelihood of sexual behavior for a few hours. (study) *It can alter attitudes that can influence behavior. It can make people feel dissatisfied with own sexual interactions. Aggressive porn perpetuates the myth that women enjoy being raped or ravaged. *¼ of young women in US are victims or rape or attempted rape. Most common is date rape 1 in 7 college women reported being a victim. 1 in 12 men admitted to have forced sex or tried to (but they don’t identify themselves as being a rapist) 9 Motivation & Emotion

Rape Victim-Offender Relationships 10 Motivation & Emotion

Sexual Motivation & Behavior: Determining Desire Attraction to a Partner –The Coolidge effect: New partners can revive sexual interest (males) Evolutionary factors –Parental Investment Theory: Mating depends on what each sex has to invest (time, energy, survival) to produce offspring. *The sex that has the least investment will compete, the sex that has the biggest investment will be more discriminative. *Males will show more interest & have more desire for variety of partners. Females are more conservative & more selective. Females have demanded long term comments before consenting to sex. *Evolutionary Theories predicts that Men places more emphasis on youth & attractiveness. Women place more on material resources & protect. (not conscious) 11 Motivation & Emotion

Parental Investment Theory & Mating Preferences 12 Motivation & Emotion

Gender Gap: in how much people think about sex 13 Motivation & Emotion

Gender & Potential Mates’ Financial Prospects 14 Motivation & Emotion

Gender & Potential Mates’ Physical Attractiveness 15 Motivation & Emotion

The Mystery of Sexual Orientation Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual (10%) –A continuum Theories explaining Homosexuality –Environmental *Freudians: believes that males become gay because of poor heterosexual role model (lack of). *Behaviorist: Learn through stimuli & paired with sexual arousal. *Extremely feminine behavior in males (75%-90%) or masculine behavior in females does predict homosexuality. –Biological *Studies: 52% of identical twin & 22% of fraternal twins. There is a predisposition. *One study: Anterior Hypothalamus is half the size in gay men. *Prenatal Development: Hormonal secretion during critical periods can influence sexual orientation. (DES, reduces miscarriages) (adrenal disorders) –Interactionist 16Motivation & Emotion

Homosexuality & Heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum 17 Motivation & Emotion

How common is homosexuality? 18 Motivation & Emotion

Genetics & Sexual Orientation 19 Motivation & Emotion

The Human Sexual Response Masters and Johnson – 1966 Stages: –Excitement. Escalates rapidly in both sexes (muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure) *Vasocongestion. Engorgement of blood vessels (males produce penile erection swollen test, females produce swelling of clitoris expansion of vaginal lips & lubrication) –Plateau. Arousal continues but more slowly (males secrete a little fluid & erections fluctuates, females vaginal tightens clitoris withdrawals & lubrication changes) –Orgasm. The peak of sexual arousal & discharged in muscle contractions in pelvic. (males seminal fluid, women multiorgasmic) –Resolution. Males Refractory period unresponsive time increases with age. 20 Motivation & Emotion

The Human Sexual Response Cycle 21 Motivation & Emotion

Gender Gap: in orgasm consistency 22 Motivation & Emotion

Affiliation Motives Affiliation Motive: The need to associate with others & maintain social bonds. (Companionship, friendship & love) –Evolution. Survival & reproductive benefits. Quality of personal relationships equal happiness Rejection triggers negative emotions (anxiety, jealousy, depression) TAT Thematic Apperception Test- ambiguous stimuli subjects have to explain the scenes and what they feel. (Strong Affiliation scores worry more) 23 Motivation & Emotion

Achievement Motivation Achievement motive = need to excel –Work harder & more persistently –Delay gratification –Pursue competitive careers –Situational influences on achievement motives –Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) High Level of Achievement: Select tasks of intermediate difficulty. Fear of Failure Situational Determinants: Atkinson theorized the tendency to pursue a situation depends on: 1) strength of motivation to achieve 2) the probability of success 3) the rewards 24 Motivation & Emotion

The Elements of Emotional Experience Cognitive component of feeling –Subjective conscious experience, mixed emotions –Positive psychology. We focus on negative b/c it has more powerful effects. Physiological component linked to emotion –Bodily (autonomic) arousal –Galvanic Skin Response (sweat) –Polygraph (detects anxiety) not reliable –Amygdala Behavioral component –Characteristic overt expressions (body language) –Facial expression are biological (blind people) 25 Motivation & Emotion

The Amygdala & Fear 26 Motivation & Emotion

Cross-Cultural Comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions 27 Motivation & Emotion

Theories of Emotion James-Lange –Feel afraid because pulse is racing. Different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions. Cannon-Bard (SAME TIME) cannon ball –Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory (SITUATION) –Look to external cues to decide what to feel Evolutionary Theories –Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation 28 Motivation & Emotion

Theories of emotion 29 Motivation & Emotion

Primary Emotions 30 Motivation & Emotion

Happiness Common sense notions incorrect –Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated –Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated –Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated Subjective rather than objective reality important 31 Motivation & Emotion

The Subjective Well-Being of Nations 32 Motivation & Emotion

Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness 33 Motivation & Emotion

Aristotle View of Happiness Four Causes 1. The Formal Cause (what things look like) 2. The Material Cause (what it’s made of) 3. The Efficient (who made it) 4. The Final Cause (the purpose for which it is made) The Five Things 1. Health (emotional & physical) 2. Wealth (not to much) 3. Knowledge (Share) 4. Friends (family and close friends) 5. Virtue a. Private b. Public 34 Motivation & Emotion