Slide 1 Figure 16-1 Page 377 CHAPTER 16: FOOD RESOURCES

Slide 2 TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 16 GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION TRADITIONAL METHODS OF FOOD PRODUCTION VS. GREEN REVOLUTION CHANGES IN FOOD PRODUCTIVITY AND MALNUTRITION ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURE CATEGORIES OF FOOD (CROPS, MEAT, FISH AND SHELLFISH) AND HOW TO INCREASE THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AFFECT OF GOV'T. POLICIES ON FOOD PRODUCTION CHEMICAL POISONS IN AGRICULTURE (PESTICIDES, HERBICIDES, RODENTICIDES, ETC.) INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Slide 3 Industrialized agriculture Shifting cultivation Plantation agriculture Nomadic herding Intensive traditional agriculture No agriculture Figure 16-2 Page 379 GLOBAL TYPES OF FOOD PRODUCTION

Slide 4 FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION DEVELOP AND PLANT MONOCULTURES OF SELECTIVELY BRED HIGH YIELD VARIETIES PRODUCE HIGH YIELDS OF GRASS MONOCULTURES USING ENERGY DEPENDENT FERTILIZER, PESTICIDES AND WATER INCREASE NUMBER OF CROPS GROWN PER YEAR ON PLOT OF LAND (MULTIPLE CROPPING. 2 nd GREEN REVOLUTION NOTED BY FAST-GROWING DWARF VARIETIES OF RICE AND WHEAT BRED FOR TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL CLIMATES OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THESE CROPS REQUIRE FERTILE SOIL, LOTS OF WATER AND FOSSIL FUEL (USES 8% OF WORLD'S OIL) INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY, BUT USE MORE PESTICIDES AND HAVE MORE ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNAL COSTS

Slide 5 Figure 16-4 Page 381 First green revolution (developed countries) Second green revolution (developing countries) Major international agricultural research centers and seed banks

Slide 6 4%2%6%5% 17% of total commercial energy use CropsLivestockFood processingFood distribution and preparation Food production Figure 16-6 Page 382 IN U.S. INDUSTRIALIZED AGRICULTURE USES 17% OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY INCLUDING LARGE TRANSPORT COSTS

Slide 7 2,000 1,500 1, Grain production (millions of tons) Total World Grain Production Year Figure 16-7 (1) Page 383

Slide Per capita grain production (kilograms per person) World Grain Production per Capita 200 Year Figure 16-7 (2) Page 383

Slide 9 Figure 16-8(1) Page 383 Per capita food production (1989–1991 = Index of 100 ) Year World Developed countries Developing countries

Slide 10 Figure 16-8(2) Page 383 Per capita food production (1989–1991 = Index of 100 ) Year Asia Latin America European Union North America SINCE 1950 FOOD PRODUCTIVITY HAS INCREASED ON MOST CONTINENTS

Slide 11 Figure 16-8(3) Page 383 Per capita food production (1989–1991 = Index of 100 ) Year United States China India ASIA AND IN PARTICULAR China, HAS SHOWN LARGE INCREASES IN FOOD PRODUCTION

Slide 12 Figure 16-8(4) Page 383 Per capita food production (1989–1991 = Index of 100 ) Year Africa sub-Saharan Africa U.S.S.R. AFRICA AND THE FORMER SOVIET UNION ARE EXCEPTIONS TO THE TREND OF RISING FOOD PRODUCTIVITY

Slide 13 PovertyMalnutrition Decreased resistance to disease High death rate for children Decreased energy Decreased ability to learn Decreased ability to work Shortened life expectancy Feedback loop Figure 16-9 Page 384 IN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST CURRENT CONDITIONS SUPPORT WHAT IS CALLED THE "VICIOUS CYCLE OF POVERTY" MAKING IT HARDER TO ESCAPE FROM THE CURRENT PREDICAMENT

Slide 14 Figure Page 385 Calories per day per person 3,700 3,500 3,300 3,100 2,900 2,700 2,500 2,300 2, Year DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WORLD SUMMARY OF DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND CONSUMPTION

Slide 15 Biodiversity Loss Loss and degradation of habitat from clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetland Fish kills from pesticide runoff Killing of wild predators to protect livestock Loss of genetic diversity from replacing thousands of wild crop strains with a few monoculture strains Soil Erosion Loss of fertility Salinization Waterlogging Desertification Figure (1) Page 387 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABILITY WITH CURRENT INTENSIVE (CORPORATE) AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Slide 16 Air Pollution Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil Fuel issue Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use Pollution from pesticide sprays Water Aquifer depletion Increased runoff and flooding from land cleared to grow crops Sediment pollution from erosion Fish kills from pesticide runoff Surface and groundwater pollution from pesticides and fertilizers Overfertilization of lakes and slow-moving rivers from runoff of nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food processing wastes Figure (2) Page 387 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABILITY WITH CURRENT INTENSIVE (CORPORATE) AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (CONTINUED, PART 2

Slide 17 Human Health Nitrates in drinking water Pesticide residues in drinking water, food, and air Contamination of drinking and swimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes Bacterial contamination of meat Figure (3) Page 387 DIRECT EFFECTS ON HUMANS OF MODERN AGRICULTURAL METHODS

Slide 18 Phase 1 Make Modified Gene Identify and extract gene with desired trait Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step3) Insert modified plasmid into E. coli Grow in tissue culture to make copies cell gene DNA Plasmid E. coli DNA Genetically modified plasmid Figure (1) Page 388 WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING AND WHAT IS ITS ROLE IN AGRICULTURE

Slide 19 Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell Transfer plasmid copies to a carrier agrobacterium Agrobacterium inserts foreign DNA into plant cell to yield transgenic cell Transfer plasmid to surface microscopic metal particle Use gene gun to inject DNA into plant cell A. tumefaciens (agrobacterium) Plant cell Nucleus Host DNA Foreign DNA Figure (2) Page 388

Slide 20 Phase 3 Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Transgenic cell from Phase 2 Cell division of transgenic cells Culture cells to form plantlets Transgenic plants with new traits Figure (3) Page 388

Slide 21 In use Not usable Arid land 6% Tropical forest 8% Cultivated 10% Grazed 11% Forests, arid lands 14% 51% Ice, snow, deserts mountains Figure Page 391 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning EARTH'S AG LAND & POTENTIAL AG LAND

Slide 22 Figure Page 392 Kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight Beef cattle Pigs Chicken Fish (catfish or carp) © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Slide 23 Figure Page 392 DO NOT POST TO INTERNET

Slide 24 Spotter airplane Fish farming in cage Trawler fishing Purse-seine fishing sonar trawl flap trawl lines trawl bag Long line fishing lines with hooks Drift-net fishing Fish caught by gills floatbuoy Figure Page 394 fish school

Slide Year Total World Fish Catch Catch (millions of metric tons) Figure (1) Page 395

Slide Year Harvest (thousands of metric tons) Abundance (kilograms/tow) Abundance Harvest Figure Page 395 HARVEST OF GROUND FISHES (FLOUNDER, HADDOCK AND COD) IN NEW ENGLAND

Slide 27 Stepped Art Figure Page 397 Fish change form Fish enter rivers and head for spawning areas Grow to smolt and enter the ocean... Grow to maturity in Pacific Ocean in 1-2 years Eggs and young are cared for in the hatchery Fry hatch in the spring... Fingerlings migrate downstream In the fall spawning salmon deposit eggs in gravel nests and die Normal Life Cycle Fingerlings are released into river And grow in the stream for 1-2 years Human capture Salmon processing plant Eggs are taken from adult females and fertilized with sperm “milked” from males Modified Life Cycle To hatchery SALMON ARE ANADROMONOUS. WE SAW AN IMPRINT POND AT CARKEEK PARK AND STREAM RESTORATION TECHNIQUES (BIOENGINEERING) THAT ENHANCED STREAM SUITABILITY FOR SALMON

Slide Year Number of species Boll weevilGypsy moth caterpillar Insects and mites Weeds Plant diseases Figure Page 401 DESPITE USE OF CHEMICALS, PESTS HAVE INCREASED IN RECENT DECADES

Slide 29 Figure Page 404

Slide 30 Figure Page 404

Slide 31 Figure Page 405 DO NOT POST TO INTERNET

Slide 32 MH JH MH JH MH Pupa Eggs Larva Figure Page 405

Slide 33 Increase High-yield polyculture Organic fertilizers Biological pest control Integrated pest management Irrigation efficiency Perennial crops Crop rotation Use of more water- efficient crops Soil conservation Subsidies for more sustainable farming and fishing Decrease Soil erosion Soil salinization Aquifer depletion Overgrazing Overfishing Loss of biodiversity Loss of prime cropland Food waste Subsidies for unsustainable farming and fishing Population growth Poverty Figure Page 407 PRACTICES THAT INCREASE OR DECREASE AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABILITY

Slide 34 END OF CHAPTER 16

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