CHAPTER 5 LESSON 3 – ALEXANDER THE GREAT

King Philip II’s royal symbol Macedonia Macedonia’s king, PHILIP II, conquers Greece in 338 B.C. except Sparta when the Peloponnesian War left Greece weak and open to attack by a stronger force from the North Philip II so admired Hellenism (Greek culture), he brought Aristotle from Greece to educate his young son, Alexander Philip II is assassinated in 336 B.C. before he can carry out his plans to attack the Persian Empire

Alexander inherits his father’s empire of Macedonia and Greece at the age of 20; he is determined to carry out his father’s plans to attack Persia Reasons for Conquering the Persian Empire 1. Persia had established the largest empire of the ancient world with lands in Asia, Africa, & Europe, treating all conquered people with tolerance and respect 2. used provincial governors called satraps to effectively govern across the empire, each reporting back to the emperor 3. The Persians standardized coinage across their empire, making trade easier and more profitable 4. They built the Royal Highway for better efficiency, using a pony express to better send and receive documents to and from the emperor; 5. their prophet, Zoroaster, introduced the idea of a heaven and a hell, probably having been influenced by the Jews

Alexander & troops marched 20,000 miles, conquering as they advanced Alexander’s Conquests: 1. Asia Minor and the E. Med. coast 2. Egypt (Kemet) whose inhabitants called him “God-King of the Whole World” 3. the Persian Empire 4. and marched as far as the Indus River valley (Alexander’s invention during his campaign: a vending machine) Alexander & troops marched 20,000 miles, conquering as they advanced

Decline and break-up of Alexander’s empire 1. His troops threaten mutiny, convincing Alexander to return home 2. He and his army retreat to his capital, Babylon, in Mesopotamia 3. Alexander dies of malaria at the age of 33 in 323 B.C. Having no sons to inherit his empire, his 3 most powerful Macedonian generals divide his empire into 3 domains (provinces): 1. Gen. Seleucus secures Asia Minor and the Fertile Crescent 2. Gen. Antigonus acquires Macedonia & Greece 3. Gen. Ptolemy takes Egypt (Ptolemy being the same family from which Egypt’s future queen, Cleopatra VII will come.

Alexander’s Accomplishments: 1. He was the 1st educated military strategist 2. He conquered over 2 million sq. miles of territory *3. He established a Hellenistic culture (the blending of the Greek culture with other cultures he had conquered) across his vast empire that lasted for centuries 4. He spread Greek to become the universal language of Ancient Times 5. He founded over 70 new Hellenistic cities, 12 of these he named Alexandria

Alexandria, Egypt became the most important center of trade and learning around the Mediterranean area; Alexandria, Egypt: the “Pearl of the Mediterranean” is Alexander’s burial place Lighthouse at Alexandria: one of the seven wonders of the ancient world

____ A _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ The kingdom that defeated the Greek city-states; Alexander the Great’s birthplace M A C E D O N I A ****************************** _____ _____ _____ L _____ _____ _____ Alexander’s military general who acquired Egypt upon Alexander’s death P T O L E M Y _____ ____ E _____ _____ _____ The Western World’s first classical civilization that was conquered by Alexander’s father G R E E C E

_____ _____ _____ X _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Alexander founded 12 of these cities as his namesake A L E X A N D R I A ****************************** _____ _____ A _____ _____ _____ The only Greek city-state not conquered by Macedonia; winner of the Peloponnesian War S P A R T A _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ N _____ _____ _____ Term referring to “Greek culture” H E L L E N I S M

_____ _____ D _____ _____ The river valley where Alexander’s troops threatened mutiny I N D U S ****************************** _____ _____ E _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ The future queen of Egypt from the Ptolemy family C L E O P A T R A VII _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____ R _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ This body of water’s eastern coastline was conquered by Alexander M E D I T E R R A N E A N ***************************** _____ _____ _____ _____ T This “Black Earth” civilization bestowed the title of “God-King of the Whole World” upon Alexander the Great E G Y P T

____ H _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ The first king to unify the Greek city-states under his foreign rule P H I L I P II ****************************** _____ _____ _____ E _____ _____ _____ _____ Alexander’s military general who acquired Asia Minor and the Fertile Crescent upon Alexander’s death S E L E U C U S ____ G _____ _____ _____ Accepted Alexander as its pharaoh when he freed it from Persian rule E G Y P T

_____ _____ R _____ _____ _____ The empire on which Alexander took revenge for its destruction of Athens 150 years earlier P E R S I A ************************ _____ _____ _____ _____ E _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ The kind culture that blends Greek culture with other cultures conquered by Alexander H E L L E N I S T I C *********************** _____ A _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Capital of Alexander’s empire; Alexander’s place of death in 323 B.C. B A B Y L O N _____ _____ _____ _____ T _____ _____ _____ _____ Alexander’s Greek teacher A R I S T O T L E