ATM OCN 100 Summer ATM OCN Summer 2002 LECTURE 17 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART I - OBSERVATIONS & SCALES A. Introduction B. Wind Observations & Anemometry C. Characteristic Scales of Atmospheric Motion

ATM OCN 100 Summer Announcements u Homework 5: –Has been posted on the Web at: – –Due this Friday u 2 nd Hour Exam: –Is scheduled this Friday (16 Nov. 2001) –A help sheet has been posted at: – –Please stay tuned for more info!!! u Homework 4 (also 1-3): –Has been graded and available in the front; please retrieve yours (along with previous items); –Answers to be posted on the Web at: –

ATM OCN 100 Summer Last 24 hrs in Madison Example of Cold Air Advection

MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT 24 JUL 2002 Updated twice an hour at :05 and :25 Sky/Weather: MOSUNNY Temperature: 71 F (21 C) Dew Point: 56 F (13 C) Relative Humidity: 58% Wind: SE10 MPH Barometer: 30.27S ( mb)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Last 24 hrs in Madison FOG

ATM OCN 100 Summer

7 CURRENT VISIBLE

ATM OCN 100 Summer CURRENT IR

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radar

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Surface Winds with Streamlines & Isotachs (“iso” = equal & “tach” = speed) L L H H LL H L L H L H H H L LL

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Temperatures ( ° F) & Isotherms (“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Temperatures ( o F) – 24 Hrs Ago Cold Advection + Drier Air

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Dewpoints ( o F)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Tomorrow AM Forecast Map

ATM OCN 100 Summer

16Typhoon

17

18 Hurricane Douglas

ATM OCN 100 Summer

20 Announcements u Homework #3 Answer Key is posted at u Homework #4 is due tomorrow u 2 nd Hour Exam is scheduled for tomorrow. u Study sheet is posted at: u If you have ??, please see me.

ATM OCN 100 Summer ATM OCN Summer 2002 LECTURE 17 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART I - OBSERVATIONS & SCALES A. Introduction –Nature of winds (and scalar quantities) –Importance of Winds

ATM OCN 100 Summer ATM OCN Summer 2002 LECTURE 17 THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART I - OBSERVATIONS & SCALES A. INTRODUCTION –What are Winds? –Importance of Winds

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Midwest Winds & Isobars H

ATM OCN 100 Summer WINDS ARE: u Air in motion relative to earth’s surface; u Roughly horizontal; u Vector quantities, defined by: –Magnitude (speed) & –Direction F Compare vector with scalar quantities Wind, force vs. temperature, humidity. u Note: Winds are named for direction from which they come! (e.g., North wind is from north!)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Surface Weather Map from Today with Isobars & Fronts

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Winds H L

ATM OCN 100 Summer Graphical Display of Wind Data Speed & Direction

ATM OCN 100 Summer IMPORTANCE OF WINDS: u Human Significance –Destructive aspect –Cooling power –Renewable resource (Wind Power) Since wind power is proportional to cube of wind speed. u Meteorological Significance –Atmospheric circulation –Advection of atmospheric properties

ATM OCN 100 Summer

30 Old Dutch Windmill

ATM OCN 100 Summer Modern Wind Energy Conversion System (NE Wisconsin)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Wind Power Potential National Wind Technology Center, U.S DOE

ATM OCN 100 Summer B. WIND OBSERVATIONS & ANEMOMETRY u Requirements –Representative & away from obstacles u Historical Wind Observations –Tower of Winds in Greece (1 st Century BC) (Boreas - the north wind, etc.)

ATM OCN 100 Summer B. WIND OBSERVATIONS & ANEMOMETRY u Requirements –Representative & away from obstacles u Historical Wind Observations –Tower of Winds in Greece (1 st Century BC) (Boreas - the north wind, etc.) –Maritime experiences (Doldrums, trade winds, etc.) –Beaufort Wind Force Scale

ATM OCN 100 Summer BEAUFORT WIND FORCE SCALE [Modern version, Source: Federal Meteorological Handbook I]

ATM OCN 100 Summer BEAUFORT WIND FORCE SCALE (con’t.)

ATM OCN 100 Summer SEA STATE For Calm Conditions (Force 0) Source: NWSFO Milwaukee

ATM OCN 100 Summer SEA STATE For Strong Breeze Conditions (Force 6) Source: NWSFO Milwaukee

ATM OCN 100 Summer SEA STATE For Hurricane Conditions (Force 12) Source: NWSFO Milwaukee

ATM OCN 100 Summer Windsock

41 B. ANEMOMETRY (con’t.) u Modern Wind Observation Techniques –Surface (within 10 meters of surface) –Aloft (altitudes above 10 meters) u Modern Wind Instruments –For Direct Surface Observations F Anemometer F Wind Vane

ATM OCN 100 Summer ASOS Wind Instruments Wind Vane (left) & Cup Anemometer (right)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Aerovane Measures wind speed & direction

ATM OCN 100 Summer B. ANEMOMETRY (con’t.) u Modern Wind Instruments –For Direct Surface Observations F Anemometer F Wind Vane –For Indirect wind measurements aloft (Kites, radiosondes, radar, satellites)

ATM OCN 100 Summer B. ANEMOMETRY (con’t.) u Modern Wind Instruments –For Direct Surface Observations F Anemometer F Wind Vane –For Indirect wind measurements aloft to include…

ATM OCN 100 Summer Kites

47 Pilot Balloons

ATM OCN 100 Summer Radiosonde

49 Green Bay Radiosonde Sounding – Tues. PM. Tropopause Jet Stream

ATM OCN 100 Summer Upper Tropospheric Jet Stream – Tues. PM 300 mb Level or 9500 m altitude

ATM OCN 100 Summer Doppler Weather Radar See Pg Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Example of Doppler Radar Displays during Tornado Event Oklahoma City 3 May 1999

ATM OCN 100 Summer Wind Profiler (FSL) See Pg. 352 Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Recent 24-hr Wind Profiler Data: Blue River, WI

ATM OCN 100 Summer Wind Profilers

ATM OCN 100 Summer Satellite Derived Winds Aloft [SSEC]

ATM OCN 100 Summer C. SCALES OF ATMOSPHERIC MOTION u Importance of Scale u The Scales: –Planetary Scale –Macro or Synoptic Scale –Meso Scale - Organized Turbulence –Micro Scale - Turbulence or specifically....

ATM OCN 100 Summer C. CHARACTERISTIC SCALES of ATMOSPHERIC MOTION u Importance of Scale u The Scales (from Table 9.2, Moran & Morgan) : u Scale Interaction

ATM OCN 100 Summer Atmospheric Scales (from the Weather Doctor)