 Where is Washington? › Mt. Vernon  Who will be president? › Pres. John Adams (Federalist) -- or – › Pres. Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep.)  Constitution states runner up will be VP – OPPS! › Adams won the election but Jefferson was now the VP

 Placing the interests of one region over the nation as a whole! › North – votes for Adams › South – votes for Jefferson

 “Always honest, often great, but sometimes mad.”  Adams administration led to a leveling of executive prestige because of his personality  John Quincy Adams’ (son of John Adams) as a “chip off the old family glacier.”  Adams was the most knowledgeable and experienced of the early presidents  he attempted to be above party and politics and thus lost the support and respect of both parties  had respect but little admiration from the masses  “He was a tactless, prickly intellectual aristocrat, with no appeal to the masses, and with no desire to cultivate any.”

› Abigail Adams (John Adam’s wife) › “Remember the Ladies” - letter written to remind her husband of women’s struggle for rights

 Like Washington, wants to AVOID War  France = mad at America › Jay’s Treaty - alliance with Britain › No support for French Revolution - Not holding up Treaty of 1778 – alliance w/ France)  French response: capture American ships  Adams sends 3 delegates to “talk it out”

 America’s 3 delegates were supposed to meet with Talleyrand (French foreign minister)  Talleyrand sent 3 lower level French officials (XYZ)  They demanded a $250,000 bribe payment to see Talleyrand and in order to stop seizing American ships › America NEVER paid a thing!  “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” › Rather fight than honor bribes

1. UNDECLARED WAR BETWEEN THE U.S AND THE FRENCH 2. Nativism – anti immigrant feeling / major support for your own country (escalates) 3. Nationalism – deep devotion or pride in one’s country (escalates)

 Most Federalists wanted war › Loyalty to the Crown › War = more supplies = more industry  Where are most Federalists located? › War = Strong national government  Adams wanted to remain neutral › US is WEAK!!!!! › This would have increased his popularity

 Armed neutrality › Navy Dept › Ship building, naval yards › Tried to expand army  Adams resisted –Why? – if you give a president an army, he’s likely to use it  Convention of 1800 – eased tension › avoided the French alliance › established a commercial treaty with France

1. Undeclared war between France and the US 2. Nativism – anti immigrant feeling / major support for your own country (escalates) 3. Nationalism – deep devotion or pride in one’s country (escalates)

 Immigrants generally supported the Democratic-Republicans more than the Federalists  President Adams = Federalist  What to do? What to do?  Keep immigrants out!!!

 Naturalization Act - increased the residence requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years › WHY?  most aliens became Democratic Republicans  election of 1800 at hand

 Alien Act - gave the President authority to deport those aliens he considered a threat to the peace and safety of the United States

 Sedition Act - made it illegal to incite riot, insurrection, or to criticize high government officials  Which amendment does this negate?

 problems stemmed not so much from the act as from its application › partisan enforcement particularly against Republican newspaper editors › Democratic -Republican newspaper described Adams as “Blind, bald, toothless, and querulous.” - which was three quarters true but irrelevant › more than 25 Republican newspaper editors are jailed

 Compact Theory/Contract Theory › 13 states created the federal govt › National government was the agent of the states. › Individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions  Nullification › states could void any act of Congress that they found unconstitutional › VA – Madison › KY - Jefferson

 Adams = Federalist = appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court = Marshall = Federalist = Strong Central Gov’t  Judiciary Act of 1801 – Adams increased the number of circuit court justices by 16 and filled each of these positions with a Federalist judge

 Midnight before Adams left office, he appointed FEDERALIST Judges to the Circuit Courts › WHY?????????  Problem: Jefferson (Democrat- Republican) is president the next day and said some were invalid because documents weren’t delivered on time

 Marbury - Midnight Judge  Madison - Sect of State was supposed to deliver papers according the Judiciary Act of 1789  Marbury never got papers and sued  John Marshall (Chief Justice of the Supreme Court) ruled Marbury’s claim was UNCONSTITUTIONAL

 OUTCOME: › JUDICIAL REVIEW – the ability for the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress Unconstitutional

 Thomas Jefferson wins with the help of Alexander Hamilton (tie breaker)  1 st Democratic Republican President.  1 st peaceful transition of power from one party to another  There will be no more Federalist Presidents.

 Those who knew Jefferson knew they had nothing to fear from him  Hamilton - “The new president will not lend himself to dangerous innovations, but in essential points will tread in the steps of his predecessors”  Jefferson’s basic philosophy › “that government is best which governs least” › wished to establish a “wise, frugal government, which shall restrain man from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement.”  “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

 President can appoint anyone to office regardless of qualifications › Merit system – you earn your keep  Presidential prerogative is employed, but only a mild bloodletting occurs  Jefferson complains that appointments “seldom die and never resign”

 Washington was well suited for a frugal, unpretentious government › Pennsylvania Avenue was stump lined with swamps and the threat of malaria › Jefferson established no preferential seating at state dinners with the result that all the ladies rushed to be close to him - mob scenes › diplomats greeted by Jefferson in robe and slippers

 French persuaded Spain to return the Louisiana Territory  French rule could take over the mid- continent  ????? Would we have to form an alliance with Britain again?  French decide to sell the territory to America!!! 15 MILLION

 Jefferson’s STRICT interpretation of the Constitution made him doubt the purchase  Why was Jefferson apprehensive about the Louisiana Purchase???  Importance: Doubled the size of America

 Commissioned by Jefferson  Purpose: Explore West and make new maps (St. Louis to Pacific)  Expedition took 2 years and 4 months  Sacajawea = Native American guide