Volunteer and Intern Orientation to Water Quality and Related Disease Prevalence in Two Developing Countries Ronessa Strickland-Roberts Walden University PUBH Rebecca Heick, Instructor November 2009

How will this presentation apply to me? Introduction to funding sources Introduction to funding sources Terminology Terminology Practices and Culture Practices and Culture Water Sources Water Sources Diseases and Parasites Diseases and Parasites Prevalence Prevalence

World Health Organization World Health Organization WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality The framework The framework health-based targets health-based targets system assessment system assessment operational monitoring operational monitoring management plans management plans a system of independent surveillance a system of independent surveillance (WHO, 2008)

UNICEF The United Nations Children’s Fund The United Nations Children’s Fund Millennium Development Goal for Water Millennium Development Goal for Water Microbiological water safety Microbiological water safety Information on arsenic and fluoride Information on arsenic and fluoride Safe water supplies Safe water supplies Monitoring water safety Monitoring water safety (UNICEF, 2006)

Developing Countries??? World Bank World Bank Gross National Income Gross National Income (worldbank.org, 2009)

India India’s Population India’s Population Gross national income per capita Gross national income per capita Life Expectancy Life Expectancy Probability of dying under age five Probability of dying under age five Total expenditure on health as % of GDP Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (WHO, 2004)

Africa South Africa’s Population South Africa’s Population Gross national income per capita Gross national income per capita Life Expectancy Life Expectancy Probability of dying under age five Probability of dying under age five Total expenditure on health as % of GDP Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (WHO, 2004)

Putting those numbers into prospective… United States population United States population Gross national income per capita Gross national income per capita Life Expectancy Life Expectancy Probability of dying under age five Probability of dying under age five Total expenditure on health as % of GDP Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (WHO, 2004)

Mumbai, India Formerly known as Bombay Formerly known as Bombay High literacy level High literacy level Predominate Religions Predominate Religions Hindu Hindu Muslim Muslim Monsoon Season Monsoon Season ( 2009) (Business Line, 2006)

South Africa Literacy rate: 82.4% Literacy rate: 82.4% Predominate Religions Predominate Religions Christianity Christianity Pentecostal Pentecostal Many languages Many languages Daily duties and common professions Daily duties and common professions ( 2009)

Most prevalent parasitic illnesses Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis “all waters in southern Africa are at risk for Schistosomiasis.” (CDC, 2008) “all waters in southern Africa are at risk for Schistosomiasis.” (CDC, 2008) /

Plasmodium Malaria Malaria One of the leading causes of death and disease in many developing countries One of the leading causes of death and disease in many developing countries …young children and pregnant women …young children and pregnant women Climate factor Climate factor (CDC, 2006)

Leptospirosis Bacterial Bacterial Urine Urine Penicillin Penicillin Mumbai Mumbai (CDC, 2005)

Cholera Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cholerae Drinking contaminated water Drinking contaminated water Eating foods prepared with contaminated water Eating foods prepared with contaminated water Undercooked foods Undercooked foods Raw fruits and vegetables Raw fruits and vegetables (WHO, 2005)

Dengue Hemorrhagic fever Hemorrhagic fever Mosquito Mosquito Virus Virus Dehydration Dehydration World risk (WHO, 2008) World risk (WHO, 2008)

Mosquito safety Your accommodations Your accommodations Clothing Clothing Repellants Repellants Standing water Standing water (CDC, 2005)

Food and Water Safety Water Water Ice Ice Food Food Seafood and shellfish Seafood and shellfish Milk Milk (WHO, 2008)

References Centers for disease control. (2005). Leptospirosis. Retrieved from on October 21, Centers for disease control. (February, 2008). Schistosomiasis fact sheet. Retrieved from on October 21, Centers for disease control. (2005). Travelers' Health - Yellow Book. Ch. 5. Retrieved from fever.aspx#360 on October 24, Centers for disease control. (2006). Malaria. Retrieved from on October 21, 2009.

References Central intelligence agency. (October, 2009). The world fact book: South Africa. Retrieved from on October 24, 2009 UNICEF, (2006) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Retrieved from on October 23, 2009 The World Bank, (2009). Data and Statistics. Retrieved from World Health Organization. (2006). India. Retrieved from on October 20, DK: ~menuPK: ~pagePK: ~piPK: ~theSitePK :239419,00.html on October 23, 2009 World Health Organization. (2006). India. Retrieved from on October 20, 2009/ World health organization, (December, 2008). Retrieved from on October 24, World Health Organization. (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource]:incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Vol.1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed.

References World Health Organization. (2006). South Africa. Retrieved from on October 20, 2009 / World Health Organization. (2006). United States. Retrieved from on October 20, 2009 / World Health Organization. (2006). Water, Ssanitation, Health. Retrieved from on October 20, 2009 World Health Organization. (2006). Water Supply, sanitation and hygiene development. Retrieved from on October 23, on October 23, 2009 World Health Organization. Dengue haemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. 3 rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.

Photographs (schistosomiasis) (leptospirosis) kirstyne.wordpress.com/.../ (cholera) medicineworld.org/.../April html library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01095/info.html (dengue) htm (Mumbai)