Placing All Information Within Our Control? Standards, Information Organization, and the 21 st Century Library William E. Moen Texas Center for Digital Knowledge College of Information, Library Science, & Technologies University of North Texas

MoenRice University -- March 16, What’s in a title? No Longer Under Our Control: The Nature and Role of Standards in the 21st Century Library Placing All Information Within Our Control? Standards, Information Organization, and the 21st Century Library

MoenRice University -- March 16, What’s in a word? Parsing the title Information organization Standards A standard represents an agreement by a community to do things in a specified way to address a common problem All Information Recorded information: 5 exabytes (2002) Our Control Placing All Information Within Our Control? Standards, Information Organization, and the 21st Century Library

MoenRice University -- March 16, What kinds of control?

MoenRice University -- March 16, What kinds of control?

MoenRice University -- March 16, What kinds of control?

MoenRice University -- March 16, Control in the library community Bibliographic control Vocabulary control Authority control Controlled access …

MoenRice University -- March 16, Control: LIS education/indoctrination Organization and Control of Information Resources I. Descriptive cataloging and subject analysis of different kinds of information resources. Anglo- American Cataloging Rules; Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress classification systems; vocabulary control; subject headings; … Organization and Control of Information Resources II. Development of cataloging and classification systems. Problems in classification and subject headings…

MoenRice University -- March 16, Changing language From control to finding/discovery

MoenRice University -- March 16, Finding, discovery, and access Cutter’s Objectives of the catalog To enable a person to find a book To show what the library has To assist in the choice of a book Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Find Identify Select Access/acquire Statement of Int’l Cataloguing Principles (Feb 2009)

MoenRice University -- March 16, Objective and functions of the catalog To find bibliographic resources in a collection as the result of a search… To identify a bibliographic resource or agent (that is, to confirm that the described entity corresponds to the entity sought or to distinguish between two or more entities with similar characteristics); To select a bibliographic resource that is appropriate to the user’s needs (… that meets the user’s requirements with respect to medium, content, carrier, etc…. To acquire or obtain access to an item described (that is, to provide information that will enable the user to acquire an item through purchase, loan, etc., or to access an item electronically through an online connection to a remote source)… To navigate within a catalogue and beyond

MoenRice University -- March 16, Changes to MARC, changes to the catalog MARC Discussion Paper 41 (May 1, 1991) Dictionary of Data Elements for Online Information Resources MARC Discussion Paper 54 (Nov 22, 1991) Providing Access to Online Information Resources MARC Proposal 93-4 (November 20, 1992 Changes to the USMARC Bibliographic Format (Computer Files) to Accommodate Online Information Resources

MoenRice University -- March 16, Changing language From control to finding/discovery From cataloging to resource description

MoenRice University -- March 16, Description and representation Representation Surrogate records Choosing to represent important aspects of an object Resource Description What we do in library cataloging practices Resource Description and Access (RDA) Guidelines for the creation of data to populate Expressed in various metadata schemes MARC Dublin Core VRA Core MODs I've often said librarians should like any metadata they see. Roy Tennant

MoenRice University -- March 16, Changing language From control to finding/discovery From cataloging to resource description From searching to finding/discovery Librarians like to search but users want to find. Roy Tennant

MoenRice University -- March 16, Searching

MoenRice University -- March 16,

MoenRice University -- March 16, Searching

MoenRice University -- March 16, Discovering and finding

Discovery and finding MoenRice University -- March 16,

MoenRice University -- March 16, Discovering and finding

MoenRice University -- March 16, Resource description from the masses Folksonomies Social tagging Tag clouds

Library Thing -- Taylor MoenRice University -- March 16,

Tags for Taylor MoenRice University -- March 16,

TagCrowd tool: Tag cloud for lecture notes MoenRice University -- March 16, Top 50 terms of 667 potential from 4,000 in document

A few ideas for libraries Rethinking our resource description practices Adding value for the benefit to our users Digital repositories of local resources Digital repository infrastructure MoenRice University -- March 16,

MoenRice University -- March 16, Richness of MARC MARC 21 Field Groups Currently Defined (MARC 21 or OCLC MARC Bib.) MARC x63 0xx xx7640 2xx xx1554 4xx4537 5xx3448 6xx xx xx xx16 TOTAL

MoenRice University -- March 16, Number% %Total MCDU Project Dataset56,177, LC-Created RecordsNon-LC-Created Records MCDU Project Dataset by LC/nonLC8,713, ,463, ,177,383 Books Records7,595, ,546, ,142,087 Cartographic Materials242, , ,774 Electronic Resources39, , ,760 Continuing Resources388, ,193, ,581,341 Manuscripts11, ,390, ,402,441 Music109, ,167, ,276,903 Sound Recordings241, ,702, ,944,282 Projected Media22, ,415, ,437,694 Graphic Materials62, , ,026 Three-Dimensional Objects and Realia , ,075

MoenRice University -- March 16, Example results 7,595,887 LC-created records in dataset Type of Record: Book, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets Total number of unique fields: 167 Number of fields accounting for 80% of occurrences: 14 fields (8.3%) Number of fields accounting for 90% of occurrences: 21 fields (12.6%) Approximately 110 fields (66%) occur in less than 1% of all records [Note: Fields are cataloger-supplied, not system-supplied ]

Commonly occurring/used elements Commonly occurring across all Type of Records LC-created: Commonly occurring fields: 7; Commonly occurring subfields: 10 Non-LC-created: Commonly occurring fields: 6; Commonly occurring subfields: 20 Commonly occurring elements in specific Type of Records Sample results: Books, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets Records LC-created: Commonly occurring fields:16; Commonly occurring subfields:70 Non-LC-created: Commonly occurring fields:25; Commonly occurring subfields: 107 MoenRice University -- March 16,

MoenRice University -- March 16, Adopting new cataloging practices Select the appropriate metadata scheme. Use level of description and schema (DC, LOM, VRA Core, etc,) appropriate to the bibliographic resource. Don’t apply MARC, AACR2, and LCSH to everything. Consider …abandoning the use of controlled vocabularies [LCSH, MESH, etc] for topical subjects in bibliographic records. Manually enrich metadata in important areas Enhance name, main title, series titles, and uniform titles for prolific authors in music, literature, and special collections. Automate Metadata Creation Encourage the creation of metadata by vendors, and its ingestion into our catalog as early as possible in the process. Import enhanced metadata whenever, wherever it is available from vendors and other sources. Rethinking How We Provide Bibliographic Services for the University of California (December 2005)

Moen32 Digital repositories of local information Types of digital repositories Institutional repository Rice University's Digital Scholarship Archive Rice University Repositories for Technical Papers Learning objects repository Data repository … Differentiated by Types of objects Types of metadata Purpose … Rice University -- March 16, 2009

Moen33 Repositories – The technical side Database component Metadata component Search and browsing component Web interface component Submission component Administration component … Rice University -- March 16, 2009

Moen34 Repositories – The human side Collection – what will be in the repository? Submission – who can submit to repository? Organization – how will resources be organized? Administration – who is responsible for its operation? … Rice University -- March 16, 2009

Learning object repositories Focused on digital material to be used for education Learning object: A digital resource (simple or complex) that can be used to support learning Examples Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board Project The Orange Grove Moen35

Digital repository infrastructure Helping to manage scholarly digital output Preserving for long-term access Putting the library in the digital production workflow Making the resources visible MoenRice University -- March 16,

Managing scholarly output for access MoenRice University -- March 16,

Rice University -- March 16, 2009 Mark Leggott’s repository landscapeIndividualIndividual GroupGroup DepartmentDepartment LibraryLibrary UniversityUniversity ExternalExternal Private Shared Open Collaborate Publish Object Space User Space Re-Use Based on Richard Green, RepoMMan Project Create Preservation, Migration, Transformation Moen38

MoenRice University -- March 16, OAIster.org An automatically created union catalog of digital resources Contains over 20,000,000 records describing freely-available and restricted-access digital resources Uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting Harvests the descriptive metadata (records) and makes those searchable Currently harvesting from over 1092 digital repositories

Rice University -- March 16, 2009Moen40 Exposing metadata via OAI-PMH From:

We can… Think differently Be open to using OPM – other people’s metadata Help users discover information – through a wide variety of tools Collect, manage, and make visible digital resources Insert the library in the scholarly production process Forget about bringing it all within our control MoenRice University -- March 16,

MoenRice University -- March 16, Favorite resources Karen Coyle's InFormation Lorcan Dempsey’s Weblog Loomware: Mark Leggott's blog Next Generation Catalogs For Libraries Designing the future -- Library Systems and Data Formats

Favorite resources Karen Calhoun. (2006). The Changing Nature of the Catalog and its Integration with Other Discovery Tools Lorcan Dempsey. (2006). The Library Catalogue in the New Discovery Environment: Some Thoughts Bibliographic Services Task Force. (2005). Rethinking How We Provide Bibliographic Services for the University of California Roy Tennant. (2004). A Bibliographic Metadata Infrastructure for the 21st Century MoenRice University -- March 16,