The Analysis of Regional Differences in Philanthropy Evidence from the European Social Survey, the Eurobarometer and the Giving in the Netherlands Panel Survey René Bekkers Center for Philanthropic Studies, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands 22 May th ESS Workshop 1

Research Questions 1.How large are differences in philanthropy (incidence, amounts, causes) between nations in Europe? 2.How can these differences be explained? 22 May th ESS Workshop 2

We’re in big trouble. How many people report donations to various causes varies from one dataset to another. Even differences in giving within the same country vary from one dataset to another. Finally, differences between countries are explained by different variables in the two datasets. 22 May th ESS Workshop 3

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European Social Survey 22 May th ESS Workshop 6 E1-12 a) CARD 43 For each of the voluntary organisations I will now mention, please use this card to tell me whether any of these things apply to you now or in the last 12 months, and, if so, which. E1-12 b) Do you have personal friends within this organisation? a)CODE ALL THAT APPLY FOR EACH ORGANISATION b) NoneMemberPartici pated Donated money Volun- teered Personal friends? E1.…Firstly, a sports club or club for out- door activities? YesNoDKDK E2… an organisation for cultural or hobby activities?

Questionnaires on household giving The Gold Standard: the ‘Method + Area Module’ (e.g., GINPS) Incomplete coverage: ‘Area’ (ESS2002, EB 62.2) Severely limited: (Very) ‘Short’ “Methodology is Destiny”: shorter questionnaires yield (strong) underestimates of giving volume and bias parameter estimates Source: Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2006). ‘To Give or Not to Give…That’s the Question’. Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35 (3): 533‐ May th ESS Workshop 7

Donors per sector (%, ESS) NLUS a religious or church organization19 humanitarian aid, human rights, minorities, immigrants205 environmental protection, peace or animal rights235 science, education, or teachers and parents25 cultural or hobby activities43 sports club or club for outdoor activities84 social club, club for the young, the retired/ elderly, women34 political party25 trade union21 business, professional, or farmers’ organization12 consumer or automobile organization21 any other voluntary organization42 Donates money to at least one sector May th ESS Workshop 8

Donors per sector in the Netherlands (%) ESSGINPS a religious or church organization1939 humanitarian aid, human rights, minorities, immigrants2021 environmental protection, (peace) or animal rights23(7) healthNA13 science, education, or teachers and parents22 cultural or hobby activities42 sports club or club for outdoor activities85 social club, club for the young, the retired/ elderly, women310 political party2NA trade union2NA business, professional, or farmers’ organization1NA consumer or automobile organization2NA any other voluntary organization44 Donates money to at least one sector May th ESS Workshop 9

Donations to political parties in the ESS 2002 Direct Q Matrix No 88% Yes 12% No 97% Yes 3% May th ESS Workshop 10 Cross tabulation of ESS direct question on political giving and marking ‘donated’ for ‘political party’ in the matrix question (US+NL)

Correlates of giving ESSGINPS Age Age>651.59**0.64* Secondary education1.71**1.07 Tertiary education3.84**1.35 Big city ** Suburb Catholic1.25(*)2.18** Protestant2.02**2.27** Other Christian Other religion Church attendance (times per year)1.01**1.01 Generalized social trust1.19**1.33** Right wing political self-placement * Volunteering3.15**1.55** 22 May th ESS Workshop 11

Correlates of giving ESSGINPS Age Age>651.82**0.80 Secondary education1.60**1.05 Tertiary education3.50**1.30 Big city ** Suburb0.79(*)0.75(*) Generalized social trust1.20**1.34** Right wing political self-placement1.25*1.50** Volunteered last year3.33**1.76** 22 May th ESS Workshop 12 Coefficients in bold are significantly different from each other (p<.05)

Donors per sector in the Netherlands (%) EBGINPS a religious or church organization2939 humanitarian aid, human rights, minorities, immigrants4121 environmental protection, (peace) or animal rights40(7) Patients organization [and health]30[13] Education (arts, culture)132 Recreational organization [and sports]205 Leisure organization for the elderly3NA Rights for the elderly3NA political party5NA trade union4NA business, professional, or farmers’ organization1NA consumer or automobile organization2NA any other voluntary organization74 Donates money to at least one sector May th ESS Workshop 13

Giving is likely to be overreported in EB 22 May th ESS Workshop 14 5% report giving to a ‘political party or organization’; but only 2.5% is a member and only a fraction donate 40% report giving to an environmental organization; at best, 28% is a member Humanitarian aid is way too high (41%)

Correlates of giving EBGINPS Big city0.60*0.55** Suburb (*) Age **1.13 Age>652.66**0.80 Secondary education1.85**1.05 Tertiary education Generalized social trust1.21*1.34** Right wing political self-placement ** Volunteered last year3.33***1.76** 22 May th ESS Workshop 15 Coefficients in bold are significantly different from each other (p<.05)

Why do countries differ? EBESS Individual level variablesYES Country level variablesNOYESNOYES Country level variance3.27%5.45%3.27%9.97% Secondary education1.321**1.305** ** % Secondary education0.031**25.744* Generalized trust ** Mean Generalized trust2.096**1.098 NS Observations16,279 32,905 Countries17 22 May th ESS Workshop 16

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Thanks, says René Bekkers Center for Philanthropic Studies VU University Amsterdam Twitter: 22 May th ESS Workshop 19