Protein Synthesis

 Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and proteins.  Recognize diagrams of DNA and RNA, sugars, phosphate groups, nitrogenous bases.  Understand Complimentary base pairing.  How DNA is replicated

 Stands for ____________________  Type of Nucleic Acid  What chromosomes and genes are made of.  Made of repeating ____________ sub-units.

 2 types of Nitrogen Bases  ________________  Double ring  ___& ___  _________________  Single ring  ______&______&_______

 ___________________________________ discovered the base pairing rules and ratios for different species.  ________________ pairs with Thymine  Cytosine pairs with ___________________

 Complementary: bases on one strand match up with the bases on the other strand (A-T and G-C)  Example: Strand 1- ATG GGC Strand 2-  Codon: Group of 3 bases

 History  ____________________________took first picture of DNA using a X-ray machine.

 The Nobel Prize in Medicine 1962  _________________________________& ___________________________________ interpreted the photo and discovered the double helix structure.

 Genes: Stretch of ________ that codes for ____________.  The code is the order of the ________________(letters).  Genes are ___________________________________ _________________________ of bases long.  The genetic code is a ___________________ in the _________ of cells.

 During _____ stage in interphase, DNA replicates itself.  DNA replication is a ___________________________________ process.

 Semi-conservative means each new piece of DNA is made up of _______________ and ______________________.  You end up with 2 identical strands of DNA.

 A __________of DNA that goes out into the ____________ to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive  RNA= ____________________  You can always make more __________, but no more _____________.

 Single ________instead of _______________ strand  Ribose instead of ____________________  Uracil instead of _________________

 Transcription: _______ is made from 1 gene in DNA  The type of RNA made is called ______________________because it sends a ___________ from DNA to the cytoplasm

 Transcription:  _______________ one gene in DNA  Match up bases to ________side of gene in DNA  _________detaches from the DNA  mRNA moves ______________________ and into ____________________  DNA: GAG AAC TAG TAC ACC TAT CGG GGG CAT  RNA:

 mRNA is a message that codes for ________________________  _____________________ are made in the cytoplasm and then work to keep the cell alive

 Proteins are made up of ___________________(small building blocks)  There are _________ different types of amino acids

 What causes mutations?  A change in the DNA sequence  A mistake that’s made during replication or transcription  Can be:  __________: diseases or deformities  ____________: organism is better able to survive  ____________: organism is unaffected  If a mutation occurs in ________________________________, that mutation is passed on to offspring  If a mutation occurs _____________________, that mutation affects on the organism and is not passed onto offspring.

 Point Mutations or Substitutions: bases are _______________________  Harmful when: ______________________________________ ______________________________________  Not harmful when: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

 Example: Sickle Cell Anemia  Types of mutations  Frame Shift Mutations: bases are ______________________________________ ____________________________________  Are usually ____________ because a mistake in DNA is carried into mRNA and results in many wrong amino acids.  Ex.: _________________

 Chromosomal mutations:  Chromosomes ______________________________________ ______________________________________  __________________ chromosomes may ______________________________  Almost always ___________________ when it occurs in a zygote.  Ex.: _________________________________

 Mutagens: ___________________________________ ___________________________________  Examples: x-rays, UV light, nuclear radiation, asbestos, cigarette smoke

 A complex system of ___________________, active in the __________ stage of interphase, serves as a back up to _____________________before it is dispersed into new cells during __________________

 The Human Genome Project is a ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________  This information will be useful in ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

 DNA technologies allow scientists to identify, study, and modify genes.  Forensic identification is an example of the application of DNA technology.

 Gene therapy is a technique for ___________________________________ ______________ responsible for disease development.  Possible cures for:  diabetes  cardiovascular disease  cystic fibrosis  Alzheimer's  Parkinson’s  and many other diseases is possible.

 The human manipulation of _________________________________  Recombinant DNA- Genetically engineered DNA prepared by ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Such DNA becomes part of the host's genetic makeup and is ________________

 Genetic engineering techniques are used in a variety of ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________.

 There is great potential for the development of useful products through genetic engineering  EX., ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

 We can now grow ________________________________and soon ____________________will be a thing of the past, but will we go too far?