The Qing dynasty was a target for attack in the new nationalism that emerged in China at the turn of the twentieth century The empire was overthrown and a Chinese republic with Sun Yat-sen as its first leader was created (1911).

Sun Yat-sen ruled according to three principles; Democracy Nationalism Livelihood He identified as “the root of nationalism” the ethnic identity of Han Chinese.

Sun Yat-sen urged fellow Chinese that “we must try to improve the economic structures of society so as to preclude a social revolution in the future” which would be done through the process of land valuation

During the Republic a majority of China was controlled by warlords. These warlords, pushed him out of office (1913). But his ideas formed the basis of the “Chinese Nationalists Party, Kuomintang,” which ruled much of China during the early twentieth century.

Many Chinese emigrated during the late nineteenth century. Settling in Cuba and Brazil, Mexico, and America. Most emigrants were men who left wives and families in China.

Chinese communities or ethnic enclaves (“Chinatowns”) formed in many cities. In these areas people spoke Chinese, could easily find Chinese food, and could pursue their way of life.

The United States Congress banned Chinese immigration by passage of the “Chinese Exclusion Act” (1882). The act, was repealed in 1943, but shows the ethnic and racial discrimination in the United States.

Japan’s transition to a modern, industrialized nation took less than half a century to accomplish.

The shogun (the country’s supreme military leader) became uneasy with the increased number of Japanese Christian converts. He made a decision to isolate Japan from outside influences. The rules and regulations issued by the Tokugawa shogunate reflect its goal to freeze Japanese society in the interests of stability.

During this period, Japan continued some trade with the Chinese. The urbanization of Japanese society during the Tokugawa era provided a solid foundation for Japan’s industrial growth in the late nineteenth century.

After two centuries of isolation, Japan yielded to American pressure led by Commodore Matthew Perry (1853). Four U.S. ships forced their way into Tokyo Bay, asking for Japanese ports to open for trade. Faced with the power of the U.S. warships, the Japanese gave in to U.S. demands. The “black ships” depicted in this picture represent the United States.

Extraterritoriality and privileges for the foreigners were built into the early treaties.Extraterritoriality and privileges for the foreigners were built into the early treaties. Leading to antiforeigner feelings in Japan.Leading to antiforeigner feelings in Japan.

Military dictators (shoguns) had ruled Japan since the twelfth century. 19 th century shoguns were unable to govern in the face of conflict with European.

Unpopular for signing treaties with the West, the last shogun abdicated and the emperor was restored to power (1867).

Emperor Mutsuhito established “Meiji Era ( ). Western treatment of China caused to use Western models to transform Japan. Japan in a better position than China or the Ottoman Empire in its encounter with Western imperialism because Japan was of less interest to the Western powers.

Meiji Reforms: Abolished feudalism (1868). Establishing equality before the law. Established a constitutional. Modern military. A postal service. Western-style education system. Promoted industrialization. A railroad network (1869).

Samurai were given a lump-sum payment and legally dissolved their position (1871). They were not allowed to carry their swords. Others resisted change. The last battle between the samurai shogunate forces and those loyal to the emperor was a defeat for the samurai, as victims of modernization (1873).

Industrialization, most of it paid by government financing. 1.Government subsidies for training new workers in the key industries. 2.Technical schools and instituted universal education. High agricultural tax financed these investment. New central government was located in Tokyo.

Once new industries were flourishing, they were sometimes sold to “zaibatsu”, powerful family business organizations. Japan was the only country outside of Europe and North America to successfully launch its own Industrial Revolution.

Japan grew from isolationism to imperialism. Following the pattern seen in other new industrial nations like Germany and Italy. It began to look outward for territorial gains.

Korea asked China to help it put down a rebellion. The Japanese objected, leading to the Sino- Japanese War (1895). The Chinese gave up the island of Formosa (Taiwan).

Japan defeated Russia in a naval war ( ), known as the Russo-Japanese War.

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), (negotiated by President Teddy Roosevelt) gave the Liaotung Peninsula to Japan, territory in Manchuria, and Korea as a protectorate. The defeat plunged Russia into the Revolution of 1905.

Japanese colonial policies in Taiwan and Korea in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries show that Japanese colonialism matched or exceeded the brutality of European colonialism.

That concludes Qing Dynasty & Meiji restoration.