CHAPTERS 15 & 16 BOURBON TRIUMVIRATE; HENRY GRADY; TOM WATSON & THE POPULISTS; REBECCA LATIMER FELTON; 1906 ATLANTA RACE RIOT; LEO FRANK; PLESSY V. FERGUSON; JIM CROW LAWS; DISFRANCHISEMENT; BOOKER T. WASHINGTON; W.E.B. DUBOIS; ALONZO HERNDON 1 The New South

Bourbon Triumvirate – Redemption Period 2 “Blend of old traditions (social segregation) with new traditions (less farming more industry.) Southern Democrats who believed the South’s prosperity depended on industry not cotton. Did not want any other social or political change.

Alfred Colquitt 3 The Bourbon Triumvirate John B. Gordon Joseph E. Brown The three served as Senators and Governor from

The Bourbon Triumvirate Make the state more self sufficient; a push toward industry. Attracting investors from the north to build factories and mills in GA. Farmers needed to diversify their crops; less cotton, more foods and grains. Grains were bought from other states, so less money leaving the state. 4

5 Summarize : What did the New South Movement want? What did the New South Movement NOT want? Name one goal of the New South. With A Partner

Henry Grady One of the most important New South figures. Was the editor of the Atlanta Journal Constitution. He believed that the key to breaking the South’s dependency and poverty was industrialization. But, the South did not have the capital to build new factories and mills. Traveled to the North to urge them to invest in the South. 6

Increase in Textile Manufacturing Great Cotton Exhibitions As more factories were built, production of good increased. Factories were built along Fall Line and other water sources – hydro electricity! With more factories, meant more JOBS for Georgians. These were several conventions held in Atlanta. The idea was to bring people to Georgia and show them why they should invest in industry in the State. It worked! Increase in Industry 7

INDEPENDENT MOVEMENT – 1870’S FARMER’S ALLIANCE – 1890’S POPULISTS – 1890’S PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRATS – 1900’S 8 Four Political Parties of the New South

Tom Watson & Populists Was against the New South and represented the farmers in GA.  Did not want Northern investors to get rich at the hands of GA farmers. The Populist Party was a national party that supported the farmers. 9

Crop Lien's Crop Lien is a loan that bankers demanded to loan money to farmers. It was a legal claim to a farmer’s crops if farmer’s could not pay the loan back. WHY WAS THIS A PROBLEM? Farmers could fall into debt by not raising enough money from the crop to pay the debt back. Merchants would cover the farmer by letting the farmers have supplies on credit based on money coming in when the crop was harvested. Sometimes, the crop harvested did not cover the debt. 10

Progressive Democrats Wanted to keep GA a one party state. Opposed any law that would promote social equality of the races. Legislating moral behavior, improving education, prisons, child labor and temperance (prohibition.) 11

Democrats in Power Georgia became a one-party state after Reconstruction was over. Carpetbaggers, scalawags, and black leaders lost their power as white conservatives regained their former positions of power. Democrats regained control of state government. 12

WHO WAS IN POWER IN GEORGIA POLITICS? NAME AT LEAST TWO OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES PRESENT IN GEORGIA DURING THE NEW SOUTH. 13 TELL A PARTNER

County Unit System County Unit System was a special formula for counting votes in the primary elections of the Democratic Party It made votes in the RURAL (country) areas of Georgia more than votes in the City (heavily African American Used in elections for the Governor and US Senators 14

For County Unit System Against County Unit System This system protected the rural counties from being controlled by the large cities – such as Atlanta. The system violated the voting rights of Georgians who lived in urban counties. Many African Americans lived in the urban city counties to work in factories. Argument over County Unit System 15

Rebecca Latimer Felton First Female Senator Supported: Educational reform, Women’s Suffrage, Temperance (prohibition), Prison Reform (Convict Lease System) 16

Child Labor Prison Reform Children often worked 10 – 15 hour days in factories. There were NO laws governing the treatment of children. Poor treatment of prisoners. Chain gangs made famous throughout the country due to GA’s chain gangs. Other Social Issues of the New South 17

Prohibition Women’s Suffrage The 18 th Amendment outlawed alcoholic beverages for the whole country in Suffrage means the right to vote. Women were not given the right to vote until the 19 th amendment to the US Constitution in Other Social Issues of the New South 18

Jim Crow Laws Laws that restricted behavior of African Americans and kept them separated from whites socially and politically. Jim Crow was the creation of a minstrel show performer. He is not a real person. 19

Plessy v Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court case. “Separate but Equal”  It is legal to have separate facilities for blacks and whites, as long as they are equal. Facilities were never equal. 20

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Tenant Farming Sharecropping Tenant Farming V.S. Sharecropping Land owners divided plantations into sections & constructed crude shacks for tenants. Tenants would provide own supplies & farm the land. Tenants gave a portion of their profits to the land owner. Land owner supplied land, house, plows, mules, seed and other supplies to families. Land owner would receive a share of the crops raised on the land occupied by the sharecropper. 22

Booker T. Washington Established Tuskegee Institute: Center for Education for African Americans  Stressed technical training and agriculture Told blacks to accept social segregation, learn a skill, eventually equality would come. 23

W.E.B. Dubois First African American to earn a PHD from Harvard. Niagara movement- 1 st national effort to end Jim Crow laws. Co-founded the NAACP, which worked for racial equality. Disagreed with Washington, pushing for social equality for African Americans. 24

John Hope Lugenia Burns Hope FIRST BLACK President of Atlanta Baptist College, Morehouse College and later Atlanta University. Leader in the black community in Atlanta Started the Neighborhood Union which helped improve lives of black Georgians. Also worked with the NAACP John and Lugenia Burns Hope 25

Alonzo Herndon Former slave who worked as a barber and then started Atlanta Mutual Life Insurance Company. Company was worth over 1 million dollars at the time of his death. 26

Auburn Avenue Developed into a social and commercial center for African Americans. African American business, such as the Atlanta Life Insurance Company (Alonzo Herndon) was located here. Now site of MLK Center 27

Taking away the right to vote. Disfranchisement Poll tax & grandfather clause, white primary contributed to the disfranchisement of African American men in the south. 28

Voting Restrictions “Good character & citizen clause” According to the county registrar, those who were of “good character” and understood the “duties of citizenship”; usually applied this rule to illiterate whites but not blacks. 29

Property Exemptions Grandfather Clause If you owned at least 40 acres of land or had other taxable property worth at least $500; few blacks owned this much land or taxable property. Could exempt if you were the descendent of a Union or Confederate veteran; mostly applied to white Georgians whose grandfathers were Civil War veterans. Voting Restrictions 30

1906 Atlanta Riot Tension between whites and blacks over voting and competition for jobs. 3 days of violence and dozens of people were killed. 31

1906 Race Riot “Not an isolated incident of racial violence” Georgia had gained an unwanted reputation of lynching. False statements in the AJC started the riot. False reports of black males showing violence toward white women started the riot. 25 blacks and 1 white were killed as a result of the race riot. 32

1906 Atlanta Riot 33

Reasons “Great Migration” Lack of help from white judges, law enforcement officials and politicians Low wages, lack of schools, lynching's and violence. Blacks left rural farms and moved to large cities or went to work in mills or on the railroads. As a result of continued violence, up to 50,000 blacks left Georgia and headed North to New York, Philadelphia and Chicago. SO may left that many farmers began to complain of a lack of labor. THEN, white leaders began to speak out against the violence against Blacks. Blacks React to Violence 34

Georgia Schools Segregated White schools continued to have better facilities and materials than black schools. Blacks schools started to close while white schools stayed open. Cumming V. Richmond School Board Black parents sued when the black school was closed. It went to the Supreme Court, where the Court decided that this issue was to be left up to individual districts 35

Leo Frank Case Jewish factory owner is tried for the murder of a 14 year old girl. Convicted although evidence was circumstantial Convicted to hang, but sentence was reduced to life. Mob took him from prison & lynched him in Marietta Anti-Jewish writings by Tom Watson helped fuel the Mob. 36

Atlanta: Gate City to the South The railroads in the city made it a growing city, and many businesses put their regional headquarters and branch offices there. Atlanta attracted people for the jobs available and the prosperity. 37

Rich’s Department Store Established in 1867, Morris Rich. He opened a dry goods store in Atlanta. The store continued to grow and flourish, and expanded its inventory. Rich’s Department Store became a symbol of Atlanta and prosperity 38

Coca-Cola – An Atlanta Tradition John Pemberton, a druggist, developed a headache remedy in Asa G. Chandler later took ownership of the product and stressed the refreshing part of Coca-Cola. By 1895, it was sold in every state in the Union. In 1919, Candler sold Coca-Cola for $25 million to the Trust Company of Georgia. Robert W. Woodruff became president of the corporation in Under Woodruff, Coke became a world product by WWII. 39

People of Coca-Cola John Pemberton Asa CandlerRobert Woodruff Started Coca-Cola as a headache remedy refreshing drink & National Product World Wide Product 40

Joel Chandler Harris Creator of the fictional storyteller “Uncle Remus” Also wrote for the Atlanta Journal Constitution & knew Henry Grady 41

Martha Berry Began a school near Rome, GA allowing underprivileged children to work for an education. Berry College, founded in

Juliette Gordon Lowe Started the Girl Scouts of America in Savannah in