Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1.Phytoremediation Atrazine and other triazine herbicides Neonicotinoid pesticides (e.g. imidacloprid) Metals, other mine or fracking waste?

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1.Phytoremediation 2.Plant products Why do they make them? When do they make them? Where do they make them? How do they make them?

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1.Phytoremediation 2.Plant products 3.Biofuels What would make a good biofuel? How and where to grow it? Can we get plants to make diesel, H 2 (g) or electricity?

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1.Phytoremediation 2.Plant products 3.Biofuels 4.Climate/CO 2 change How will plants be affected? Can we use plants to help alleviate it? Effects of elevated CO 2 on various plant processes C 3 vs C 4 vs CAM?

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1.Phytoremediation 2.Plant products 3.Biofuels 4.Climate/CO 2 change 5.Stress responses, eg drought, starvation, shaking, temp Structural Biochemical (including C3 vs C4 vs CAM) Cyanide-resistant respiration Other (dormancy, carnivory, etc)

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1.Phytoremediation 2.Plant products 3.Biofuels 4.Climate/CO 2 change 5.Stress responses/stress avoidance 6.Improving food production Breeding: new traits to pick & ways to find them Roots? GMO New crops

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1.Phytoremediation 2.Plant products 3.Biofuels 4.Climate/CO 2 change 5.Stress responses/stress avoidance 6.Improving food production 7.Biotechnology 8.Plant movements 9.Plant signaling (including neurobiology) 10.Flowering? 11.Regeneration? Seed germination?

Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane 5) Nuclear Envelope 6) Endosomes 7) Oleosomes

Endomembrane System Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER Surrounded by lipid monolayer! filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!

endosymbionts derived by division of preexisting organelles no vesicle transport Proteins & lipids are not glycosylated

endosymbionts derived by division of preexisting organelles little exchange of membranes with other organelles 1) Peroxisomes (microbodies)

Peroxisomes (microbodies) 1 membrane

Peroxisomes (microbodies) found in (nearly) all eukaryotes 1 membrane Fn: 1) destroy H 2 O 2, other O 2 -related poisons

Peroxisomes Fn: 1.destroy H 2 O 2, other O 2 -related poisons 2.change fat to CH 2 O (glyoxysomes)

Peroxisomes Fns: 1.destroy H 2 O 2, other O 2 -related poisons 2.change fat to CH 2 O (glyoxysomes) 3.Detoxify & recycle photorespiration products

Peroxisomes Fn: 1.destroy H 2 O 2, other O 2 -related poisons 2.change fat to CH 2 O (glyoxysomes) 3.Detoxify & recycle photorespiration products 4.Destroy EtOH (made in anaerobic roots)

Peroxisomes ER can make peroxisomes under special circumstances! e.g. peroxisome-less mutants can restore peroxisomes when the wild-type gene is restored

endosymbionts 1) Peroxisomes (microbodies) 2) Mitochondria

Mitochondria Bounded by 2 membranes

Mitochondria 2 membranes Smooth OM

Mitochondria 2 membranes Smooth OM IM folds into cristae

Mitochondria -> 4 compartments 1) OM 2) intermembrane space 3) IM 4) matrix

Mitochondria matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes

Mitochondria matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only genes

Mitochondria matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only genes Reproduce by fission

Mitochondria matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only genes Reproduce by fission IM is 25% cardiolipin, a bacterial phospholipid

Mitochondria Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only genes Reproduce by fission IM is 25% cardiolipin, a bacterial phospholipid Genes most related to Rhodobacteria

Mitochondria Fn : cellular respiration -> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell Also make many important biochemicals

Mitochondria Fn : cellular respiration -> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell Also make important biochemicals & help recycle PR products

Mitochondria Fn : cellular respiration -> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell Also make important biochems & help recycle PR prods Have extra oxidases: burn off excess NADH or NADPH?