Home Fun Reading Questions  What role did women play in the Scientific Revolution? How were they received?  How did the Church respond to the Scientific Revolution? Why?  How did some individual’s try to reconcile religion and the New Science?

The Impact of the Scientific Revolution Ch. 14 part 2

Today’s Standard Describe the attempts made by scientists to reconcile religion and the “new science” How did the Catholic Church react to the developments of the Scientific Revolution and what was the result of this? Essential Question

Witch Hunts Discuss the following: What do these documents tell us about the witch-hunts? What role do you think the Scientific Revolution had in bringing an end to witch-hunts and superstition?

Continuing Superstition  belief in magic and the occult persisted through the end of the 17th c.  witch-hunts: 70,000–100,000 put to death, 1400–1700; 80% women  village society: magic helped cope with natural disasters and disabilities  Christian clergy: practiced high magic (Eucharist, Penance, Confession, exorcism)

Science and the Arts Explain the relationship between science and the Arts in this painting, by Adriaen Stalbent. What role do women and religion play in this painting? Astronomical instrument use to illustrate the theories of Copernicus, etc… Illustrates great masters of the day, some of whom drew on ancient mythological themes, others biblical scenes and others contemporary landscapes. Intended to contrast with the symbols of modern knowledge displayed elsewhere in the room. Globe and volumes of maps that allow observers to trace the explorations of the Americas and other parts of the non-European world.

New Science and Religion Three major issues: 1. Certain scientific theories and discoveries conflicted with Scripture. 2. Who resolves such disputes: religious authorities or natural philosophers? 3. New science’s apparent replacement of spiritually significant universe with purely material one.

Science and Religion  Catholic Inquisition places Copernicus’s On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres on Index of Prohibited Books, 1616  Galileo Incident: Roman Catholic authorities condemn Galileo, 1633— under house arrest for last nine years of his life  Roman Catholic Church formally admits errors of biblical interpretation in Galileo’s case, 1992

Attempts to Reconcile Reason and Faith  Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), French mathematician  opposed both dogmatism and skepticism  erroneous belief in God is a safer bet than erroneous unbelief  Francis Bacon  two books of divine revelation: the Bible and nature  since both books share the same author, they must be compatible  Economics: technological and economic innovation seen as part of a divine plan—man is to understand world and then put it into productive rational use

Natural Philosophers NameConcept/Theory/ invention(s) Important Works Nicolaus Copernicus challenged Ptolemaic/Aristotelian models of universe with his heliocentric model – not accurate On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) Tycho Brahe Suggested that Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun, but that the moon, the sun, and the other planets revolved around the earth. De Nova Stella (1573), The De mundi aetherei recentioribus phaenomenis (1588) and the Epistolae astronomicae (1596) Johannes Kepler figured out planets move in elliptical, not circular, orbits The New Astronomy Galileo Galilei Popularized the Copernican Model articulated concept of a universe governed by mathematical laws The Starry Messenger Letters on Sunspots Isaac Newton Discovered Laws of Gravity and explained it mathematically The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (aka - Mathmatica

NameConcept/Theory/ invention(s) Important Works Francis Bacon father of empiricism Pioneered scientific method The Advancement of Learning (1605), Novum Organum (1620), The New Atlantis (1627) Rene Descartes Father of Deductive Reasoning Human reason could fully comprehend the world, two categories 1. thinking things 2. things occupying space Discourse on Method (1637) Meditations (1641) Margaret Cavendish 1 st woman to visit a meeting of the Royal Society of London. Wrote about science and scientific method. 1 st Science Fiction book Observations on New Philosophy (1666) Grounds of Natural Philosophy (1668) Maria Cunitz Published a book on Astronomy she provided new tables, new ephemera, and a more elegant solution to Kepler’s Problem Urania Propitia (1650) Maria Winnkleman Discovered a comet, worked with husband, one of a few women astronomers on the conjunction of the sun with Saturn and Venus (1709), and the approaching conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn in 1712