NATIONALISM AND UNIFICATION

Latin America Haiti (French Colony) inspired by “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” 1791 Slave Revolt Toussiant L’Ouverture—ex-slave became a leader and freed the slaves on the island of Hispaniola. French eventually captured and imprisoned him (died in 1803)

South America (Venezuela) Simon Bolivar—wealthy Creole in Venezuela who helped Venezuela declare independence from Spain

Russia Russia in 1800’s: still struggling with its identity; struggled with the challenges of modernization; wanted to rid country of serfdom because it was a major hindrance to advancement

Russia cont… 1853—Czar Nicholas I attempted to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War. Problem: Russia was not modernized/advanced enough to challenge the Ottoman Empire

Russia cont… Alexander II—made it his mission to modernize and advance Russia Greatest accomplishment was emancipating the serfs in 1861 Alexander II was assassinated in 1881

Russia cont… Alexander III—determined to expand the planned reforms of his predecessor. By now, nationalism-pride and loyalty towards Russian people, was a major factor in Alex. III plan

Russia cont… Started a program called “Russification”—a plan to unite all Russian people (Russian language, church, etc.) harsh measures were used to force people to comply Jews were often targeted. Their lands and businesses were seized and they were forced into ghettos and were eventually massacred in the pogroms

Austria-Hungary Mostly a German speaking kingdom, but there were other ethnic nationalities living there. Hoped that by uniting Austria and Hungary and the many nationalities it would make it a much more powerful nation

Austria-Hungary cont… 1867 Francis Joseph (Emperor of Austria) proclaimed a dual monarch Austria-Hungary. The 2 empires were technically independent states in terms of parliaments, but Joseph was ruler of both

Austria-Hungary cont… Two sides were supposed to compliment each other and make the empire one of the strongest in Europe. Empire definitely one of the largest, but ironically the nationalism that united the empire eventually destroyed the empire and it officially disbanded at the end of WWI

Italy Formed as a result of nationalism. Movement was known as Risorgimento in Italy (resurgence of nationalism which led to the unification of Italy)

Italy cont… Italy in 1815 North controlled by Austria Spain controlled Sicily and South mainland Pope controlled most lands around Rome

Italy cont… 1832 process begins to unite due to nationalism Giuseppe Mazzini (26 years old)—Young Italy—no one older than 40. Nationalist Group

Italy cont… 1848—year of many revolutions throughout the Italian peninsula Most of the revolutions failed One success story was in Sardinia where the 1848 revolution had brought a liberal constitution

Italy cont… 1852: Sardinia’s King Victor Emmanuel II named Camillo di Cavour as Prime Minister Cavour will be able to expand Sardinia’s power and influence and became an instrumental leader in Italian unification

Italy cont… Process of unification 1: To secure the north he had to remove Austrian influence—he allied w/France and the 2 defeated Austria—they received everything but Venetia

Italy cont… 2: The south was secured by Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Red Shirts. Garibaldi secured Sicily and then the southern mainland. Garibaldi then united the southern regions w/the kingdom of Sardinia

Italy cont… 3: Venetia was incorporated in 1866 when they (Italy) sided in the Seven Weeks War

Italy cont… 4: Papal States—lands governed by the Pope—Rome came under Italian control. Rome became the capital. The Pope refused to surrender the lands immediately surrounding his home and those lands became known as Vatican City

Problems with Unification Rivalries btwn industrial north/agricultural south Different dialects Economic problems—strikes, riots, heavy taxes=poor country

German Unification Prussia will lead the way Process: 1-N. German Confederation created at the Congress of Vienna 2-Zollverein (economic union) created in Wilhelm I became king of Prussia in 1861; appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister Wilhelm and Bismarck supported by the Junkers (wealthy Landowners

German Unification cont.. 4-Bismarck’s strategies: Realpolitik 3 wars used to unite Germany

Bismarck’s Plan Realpolitik—”Realistic Politics” do whatever is necessary 1-increase the army Reduce Austria’s influence Unite the rest of the German states under Prussian rule Use 3 wars to accomplish plan

3 Wars Danish War: (Used to set Austria up) Prussia fought the Danes because they ruled over the territories of Schleswig and Holstein. Schleswig had large German population. Prussia persuaded Austria to fight against the Danes (Denmark). After 3 months, Denmark surrendered and Prussia convinced Austria to let tem have Schleswig and Austria took Holstein.

3 Wars cont… 7 Weeks War: (Used to eliminate Austria) Prussia made alliances with everyone to isolate Austria. Prussia invaded Holstein and got Austria to declare war on Prussia. Austria lost. Prussia got Holstein, Italy got Venetia, and Austria removed from the North German Confederation.

3 Wars cont… Franco-Prussian War: Used to complete unification and bring in S. German states France worried that a Hohenzollern would take throne of Spain to surround France. Meeting took place. Bismarck altered a telegram insulting the French.

3 Wars cont… Franco-Prussian War: The French declared war on Prussia. The Fr. Would march through the south to get to Prussia—so the S. German states had to unite w/Prussia Unification complete 1871!!!

3 Wars cont… Wilhelm I = Kaiser Bismarck = Chancellor Berlin = Capital German Empire had a constitution w/democracy!!!