Learning Classical Conditioning

 Ivan Pavlov   Russian physician/ neurophysiologist  Nobel Prize in 1904  studied digestive secretions

Classical Conditioning  Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning During ConditioningAfter Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)

Classical Conditioning  Classical Conditioning  a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning  Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)  stimulus that unconditionally-- automatically and naturally--triggers a response  Unconditioned Response (UCR)  unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus  salivation when food is in the mouth

Classical Conditioning  Conditioned Stimulus (CS)  originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response  Conditioned Response (CR)  learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning  John B. Watson  viewed psychology as objective science  generally agreed-upon consensus today  recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes  not universally accepted by all schools of thought today

Little Albert

Classical Conditioning  Generalization  tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses  Discrimination  in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS

Classical Conditioning  Acquisition  the initial stage in classical conditioning  the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response

Classical Conditioning  Extinction  diminishing of a CR  in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS  in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced

Classical Conditioning Strength of CR Pause Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR

Classical Conditioning  Spontaneous Recovery  reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR

Current Understanding  Early behaviorists did not consider cognition but...  Conditioning is based upon predictability and expectancy  Conditioning occurs best when the pairing of stimuli is similar to a causal relationship

Current Understanding  Early behaviorists believed that any natural response could be conditioned using any neutral stimulus but...  An animals capacity for conditioning is constrained by its biology

Current Understanding  Biological Predispositions  A species will learn particular associations that enhance its survival John Garcia

Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea)

So What?  Classical Conditioning allows animals to adapt to their environment  Animals are extra-responsive to stimuli that announce significant events such as food or pain Conditioning enables animals to develop likes and dislikes that aid survival

Applications of Classical Conditioning  Every species tested has developed adaptations through classical conditioning  Psychological Therapy  Animal training and control  Addiction recovery

 So where do we see Classical Conditioning every day?  Advertisers link powerful emotions with their products

Classical Conditioning in Advertising

Hunger

Generic Brands rely on Generalization

Sex Sells...

Sex Sells

Freedom

Patriotism

Patriotism & Hunger?

Parental Instincts

Spirit of Adventure