BLOOD

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD: Transport nutrients Transport nutrients Transport oxygen Transport oxygen Transport wastes Transport wastes Transport hormones Transport hormones Helps maintain the stability of the interstitial fluid Helps maintain the stability of the interstitial fluid Distributes heat Distributes heat

General Description: Connective tissue Connective tissue Blood solids: RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets Blood solids: RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets Liquid matric: plasma Liquid matric: plasma

“Formed Elements” of blood: Red Blood cells Red Blood cells White blood cells White blood cells Platelets Platelets

Blood Plasma: Liquid portion Liquid portion

Centrifuged Blood Sample: Buffy Coat

Blood Volume: Varies with body size Varies with body size Varies with changes in fluids and electrolytes Varies with changes in fluids and electrolytes Depends on amount of adipose tissue Depends on amount of adipose tissue Average size adult: 5.3 quarts or 5 liters Average size adult: 5.3 quarts or 5 liters Men have more blood than women Men have more blood than women

Blood Composition 45% formed elements (hematocrit) 45% formed elements (hematocrit) 55% plasma (mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular wastes) 55% plasma (mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular wastes)

Erythrocytes: RBC’s 1/3 hemoglobin (protein that carries Oxygen) 1/3 hemoglobin (protein that carries Oxygen) Extrude nucleus as they mature Extrude nucleus as they mature

Hemoglobin: Oxyhemoglobin: bright red Oxyhemoglobin: bright red Deoxyhemoglobin: dark red Deoxyhemoglobin: dark red

Red Blood Cell Counts Range for adult males: Range for adult males: 4,600,000-6,200,00 cells per mm 3 4,600,000-6,200,00 cells per mm 3 Range for adult females: Range for adult females: 4,200,000-5,400,000 cells per mm 3 4,200,000-5,400,000 cells per mm 3 Why are RBC counts used as routine health checks?

Red Blood Cell Production (Hematopoiesis): Before birth: yolk sac, liver, spleen Before birth: yolk sac, liver, spleen After birth: red bone marrow After birth: red bone marrow AVERAGE LIFE SPAN: 120 days AVERAGE LIFE SPAN: 120 days The hormone erythropoietin (from liver and kidneys) controls the rate of RBC production. The hormone erythropoietin (from liver and kidneys) controls the rate of RBC production. Kidneys and liver release eruthropoietin in response to oxygen deficiency. Kidneys and liver release eruthropoietin in response to oxygen deficiency.

Erythropoitin Bone Negative feedback system

Dietary factors affecting RBC production: B complex vitamins: B 12 and folic acid B complex vitamins: B 12 and folic acid Iron: makes up Heme in hemoglobin Iron: makes up Heme in hemoglobin Anemia: too few RBC’s Anemia: too few RBC’s Hemochromatosis: too much iron absorpton; irons builds up to toxic levels Hemochromatosis: too much iron absorpton; irons builds up to toxic levels

Destruction of RBC’s Macrophages (WBC) phagocytize and destroy damaged RBC’s primarily in the liver and spleen Macrophages (WBC) phagocytize and destroy damaged RBC’s primarily in the liver and spleen Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin Heme is decomposes into iron and biliverdin (green pigment) Heme is decomposes into iron and biliverdin (green pigment) Iron will be reused by red marrow to make more RBC’s Iron will be reused by red marrow to make more RBC’s Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin and is excreted in bile Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin and is excreted in bile

White Blood Cells: Leukocytes Protect against disease Protect against disease Development: Fg p. 306 Development: Fg p. 306 Development is controlled by: Development is controlled by: interleukins and colony-stimulating interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF’s) factors (CSF’s)

WBC’s: Differ in size Differ in size Differ in cytoplasm (granulocytes & agranulocytes) Differ in cytoplasm (granulocytes & agranulocytes) Differ in shape of nucleus Differ in shape of nucleus Differ in staining characteristics Differ in staining characteristics

5 Types of WBC’s: Divided into 2 groups: Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranulocytes: monocytes & lymphocytes Agranulocytes: monocytes & lymphocytes

Granulocytes: Twice the size of a RBC Twice the size of a RBC Develop in red bone marrow Develop in red bone marrow Short life spans (about 12 hours) Short life spans (about 12 hours)

Neutrophil: Light purple granules in cytoplasm (neutral stain) Light purple granules in cytoplasm (neutral stain) Lobed nucleus w/ 2-5 sections Lobed nucleus w/ 2-5 sections Make up 54-62% of WBC’s in adult blood sample Make up 54-62% of WBC’s in adult blood sample Phagocytize small particles Phagocytize small particles

Eosinophils: Bi-lobed nucleus Bi-lobed nucleus Cytoplasmic granules stain deep red in acid stain Cytoplasmic granules stain deep red in acid stain Make up 1-3% of circulating WBC’s Make up 1-3% of circulating WBC’s Kill parasites; help control inflammation & allergic reactions Kill parasites; help control inflammation & allergic reactions

Basophils: Bi-lobed nucleus Bi-lobed nucleus Cytoplasmic granules stain blue in basic stain Cytoplasmic granules stain blue in basic stain Make up less than 1% of circulating WBC’s Make up less than 1% of circulating WBC’s Release heparin & histamine Release heparin & histamine

Granulocytes Review: Eosinophil Neutrophil Basophil

Agranulocytes: 2 types: monocytes & lymphocytes 2 types: monocytes & lymphocytes Monocytes arise from red bone marrow Monocytes arise from red bone marrow Lymphocytes differentiate in the red bone marrow and the organs of the lymphatic system Lymphocytes differentiate in the red bone marrow and the organs of the lymphatic system

Monocytes Largest blood cells (2- 3 x’s larger than RBC) Largest blood cells (2- 3 x’s larger than RBC) Nuclear shape varies from spherical to lobed Nuclear shape varies from spherical to lobed Make up 3-9% of circulating WBC’s Make up 3-9% of circulating WBC’s Phagocytize large particles Phagocytize large particles Live weeks to months Live weeks to months

Lymphocytes Slightly larger than a RBC Slightly larger than a RBC Large, round nucleus Large, round nucleus Make up 25-33% of circulating WBC’s Make up 25-33% of circulating WBC’s Live for years Live for years Provides immunity Provides immunity

Functions of WBC’s Some phagocytize Some phagocytize Some produce antibodies Some produce antibodies Leukocytes can squeeze out through the capillary wall and enter the tissue space- this is called diapedesis Leukocytes can squeeze out through the capillary wall and enter the tissue space- this is called diapedesis Neutrophils & monocytes are the most mobile and active phagocytic WBC’s- contain a lot of lysosomes Neutrophils & monocytes are the most mobile and active phagocytic WBC’s- contain a lot of lysosomes

Cont. Eosinophils are weakly phagocytic Eosinophils are weakly phagocytic Eosinophils can kill certain parasites Eosinophils can kill certain parasites Eosinophils help control inflammation and allergic reasions Eosinophils help control inflammation and allergic reasions Basophils release heparin (helps blood clot) and histamine (increases blood flow to injured tissue) Also play a role in allergic reactions. Basophils release heparin (helps blood clot) and histamine (increases blood flow to injured tissue) Also play a role in allergic reactions. Lymphocytes are important in immunity-some release antibodies Lymphocytes are important in immunity-some release antibodies

White Blood Cell Counts WBCC is normally 5,000-10,000 per mm 3 WBCC is normally 5,000-10,000 per mm 3 An increase could mean infection An increase could mean infection Above 10,000 acute infection (leukocytosis) Above 10,000 acute infection (leukocytosis) Below 5,000 is called leukopenia (flu, measles, mumps, chickenpox, AIDS, polio) Below 5,000 is called leukopenia (flu, measles, mumps, chickenpox, AIDS, polio) DIFF (differential WBCC) Percentages of different types of white blood cells DIFF (differential WBCC) Percentages of different types of white blood cells

Platelets (Thrombocytes) Not complete cells-no nucleus Not complete cells-no nucleus Half the size of a RBC Half the size of a RBC Lives about 10 days Lives about 10 days Arise from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow Arise from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow Megakaryocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in response to the hormone thrombopoietin Megakaryocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in response to the hormone thrombopoietin

Platelets Help form blood clots Help form blood clots Platelet Count: Platelet Count: 130, ,000 per cm 3 130, ,000 per cm 3

Blood Plasma Plasma proteins are the most abundant of the solutes in plasma. Plasma proteins are the most abundant of the solutes in plasma. Three main plasma protein groups: Three main plasma protein groups: albumins, globulins, and fibrinogin albumins, globulins, and fibrinogin

Albumins Smallest of the plasma proteins Smallest of the plasma proteins Make up 60% of proteins by weight Make up 60% of proteins by weight Make in liver Make in liver Important determinant of osmotic pressure-regulate blood volume Important determinant of osmotic pressure-regulate blood volume

Globulins Make up 36% of plasma proteins Make up 36% of plasma proteins Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins Liver makes alpha and beta (transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamines) Liver makes alpha and beta (transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamines) Lymphatic tissue makes gamma globulins which are a type of antibody Lymphatic tissue makes gamma globulins which are a type of antibody

Fibrinogen Makes up about 4% of plasma proteins Makes up about 4% of plasma proteins Helps in blood coagulation Helps in blood coagulation Made in the liver Made in the liver Largest of the plasma proteins Largest of the plasma proteins

Plasma Gases: Oxygen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Nitrogen (no physiological function) Nitrogen (no physiological function)

Plasma Nutrients: Amino acids Amino acids Simple sugars Simple sugars Nucleotides Nucleotides Lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol) most combine with proteins to form lipoproteins Lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol) most combine with proteins to form lipoproteins

Lipoproteins are classified on the basis of their densities: VLDL-very low density lipoproteins: high concentration of triglycerides VLDL-very low density lipoproteins: high concentration of triglycerides LDL-low density lipoproteins: high concentration of cholesterol LDL-low density lipoproteins: high concentration of cholesterol HDL-high density lipoproteins: high concentration of protein and lower concentration of lipids HDL-high density lipoproteins: high concentration of protein and lower concentration of lipids Chylomicrons: transport dietary fats to muscle and adipose tissue Chylomicrons: transport dietary fats to muscle and adipose tissue

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances in plasma: Amino acids (breakdown of protein) Amino acids (breakdown of protein) Urea (breakdown of protein & nucleic acids) Urea (breakdown of protein & nucleic acids) Uric acid (breakdown of protein & nucleic acids) Uric acid (breakdown of protein & nucleic acids)

Plasma Electrolytes: Sodium Sodium Potassium Potassium Calcium, magnesium Calcium, magnesium Chloride Chloride Bicarbonate Bicarbonate Phosphate Phosphate Sulfate Sulfate **sodium & chloride are the most abundant **sodium & chloride are the most abundant

Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding Stoppage of bleeding Involves: Involves: 1. blood vessel spasm 1. blood vessel spasm 2. platelet plug formation 2. platelet plug formation 3. blood coagulation 3. blood coagulation

Blood Vessel Spasm: Breaking a blood vessel stimulates the smooth muscles to contract (vasospasm) which lessens blood loss Breaking a blood vessel stimulates the smooth muscles to contract (vasospasm) which lessens blood loss Last anywhere from a few minutes to about 30 minutes Last anywhere from a few minutes to about 30 minutes Platelets release serotonin which contracts smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls Platelets release serotonin which contracts smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls

Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets stick to each other, to the end of the broken vessel, and to exposed collagen Platelets stick to each other, to the end of the broken vessel, and to exposed collagen The platelet plug helps control blood loss The platelet plug helps control blood loss

Blood Coagulation: Formation of a blood clot Formation of a blood clot Involves clotting factors (some promote clotting others inhibit) Involves clotting factors (some promote clotting others inhibit) Soluble fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin (RBC’s become trapped) Soluble fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin (RBC’s become trapped) Fg p. 316 Fg p. 316

Prothrombin in the presence of Ca ions is converted to thrombin Prothrombin in the presence of Ca ions is converted to thrombin Thrombin initiates a reaction the cuts fibrinogen into pieces of fibrin Thrombin initiates a reaction the cuts fibrinogen into pieces of fibrin Serum-clear to yellow liquid that remains after the clot forms (plasma minus clotting factors) Serum-clear to yellow liquid that remains after the clot forms (plasma minus clotting factors) Fibroblasts invade clot and help strengthen and seal the vascular breaks Fibroblasts invade clot and help strengthen and seal the vascular breaks

Thrombus vs Embolus Thrombus-blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel Thrombus-blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel Embolus-clot that dislodges and is carried away by blood; can lodge and prevent blood flow Embolus-clot that dislodges and is carried away by blood; can lodge and prevent blood flow Both are often associated with atherosclerosis (fat deposits in arteries) Both are often associated with atherosclerosis (fat deposits in arteries)

Agglutinaton Clumping of RBC’s following a transfusion reaction Clumping of RBC’s following a transfusion reaction

Antigens vs Antibodies Antigens: proteins on the surface of RBC’s Antigens: proteins on the surface of RBC’s Antibodies: proteins that react with the antigens Antibodies: proteins that react with the antigens

ABO Blood Group

UNIVERSAL DONOR: TYPE O UNIVERSAL DONOR: TYPE O UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT: TYPE AB UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT: TYPE AB

Rh Blood Group Rh + (Rh antigen on surface of RBC’s) Rh + (Rh antigen on surface of RBC’s) Rh – (Rh antigen not present on RBC’s) Rh – (Rh antigen not present on RBC’s) If Rh – receives Rh+ Anti Rh + antibodies are made that will clot the blood If Rh – receives Rh+ Anti Rh + antibodies are made that will clot the blood

Rh Incompatabiltiy: Rh – Mother Rh – Mother Rh + father Rh + father If baby is If baby is Rh + like father Mom becomes Sensitized Second Rh + Pregancy-babies RBC’s can be destroyed