Osmosis

Osmosis 1. The passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. In order to fully understand this concept, you must know the difference between solute and solvent and the difference between “free” and “bound” water molecules.

When salt is added to water, it readily dissolves forming a solution of saltwater. 2. Any substance that dissolves in another is called a solute. water 3. Any substance that does the dissolving is the solvent. salt 4. In this case, salt is the solute and water is the solvent.

5. A crystal of salt is composed of many sodium and chloride ions. Table salt is known chemically as sodium chloride. Let’s look at what makes up a crystal of table salt. 5. A crystal of salt is composed of many sodium and chloride ions. Sodium Chlorine Na Cl 6. Ions are atoms that have a charge. 7. The sodium ions have a positive (+) charge and the chloride ions have a negative (–) charge.

salt crystal Let’s look at what happens to a crystal of salt as it dissolves in water. 8. When a crystal of salt enters water, the (-) ions are attracted to the positive poles of water molecules. water molecules

salt crystal Let’s look at what happens to a crystal of salt as it dissolves in water. 8. When a crystal of salt enters water, the (-) ions are attracted to the positive poles of water molecules. 9. The (-) ion will then dissociate itself from the salt crystal and become surrounded by other water molecules.

salt crystal 10. Conversely, the (+) ions are attracted to the negative poles of water molecules.

salt crystal 10. Conversely, the (+) ions are attracted to the negative poles of water molecules. The (+) ion will also dissociate and become surrounded by water molecules.

salt crystal 10. Conversely, the (+) ions are attracted to the negative poles of water molecules. The (+) ion will also dissociate and become surrounded by water molecules. Dissolved ions As long as there is sufficient water, this process will continue until all of the ions are dissolved.

11. On your worksheet, draw the models of how salt ions are surrounded by water molecules.

13. When water molecules are not bound, they are called “free.” Bound water molecules 12. When water molecules are clumped around ions, they are considered “bound.” Ions 13. When water molecules are not bound, they are called “free.” Free water molecules

Selectively permeable membrane 14. Bound water molecules cannot pass through a selectively permeable membrane. 15. Free water molecules however are permeable.

Selectively permeable membrane 16. In osmosis, water flows from the side of the membrane that has the greatest number of free water molecules to the side with the fewest number. 17. Net flow stops when the free water concentration in both areas is equal. Equalibrium

Selectively permeable membrane Which side of the membrane shown has the greatest number of free water molecules? Answer: The right side has 10 free water molecules. The left side only has 4 free water molecules.

Selectively permeable membrane In which direction will the free water molecules flow through the membrane? Answer: Flow will go from the right side (the most concentrated in free water) to the left side (the least concentrated).

Selectively permeable membrane When will net flow stop? Answer: When equilibrium is reached (7 free water molecules on each side).

Selectively permeable membrane Will free water molecules continue to flow back and forth across the membrane? Answer: Yes, but at equal rates.

Salt In this example of osmosis, an equal amount of water and salt are placed in a U-tube apparatus. In the middle of the U-tube are two barriers which prevent the two salt solutions from mixing. Barriers In addition, there is a membrane that only allows the flow of free water molecules. Water Salt Water Membrane

18. What do you hypothesize will happen to the fluid level on each side of the membrane when the barriers are removed? Answer The fluid levels on both sides stay the same. This is because both volumes of water have an equal concentration of free water molecules, so no net movement is observed. Salt Water Membrane

This time we will double the amount of salt on the right side of the U-tube. 19. The diluted water on the left side is said to be hypotonic (have less dissolved solutes) compared to the concentrated water on the right. Dilute Saltwater Concentrated Saltwater 20. The concentrated water on the right is said to be hypertonic (have more dissolved solutes) compared to the diluted water on the left. hypotonic Membrane hypertonic

21. Now hypothesize what will happen to the water levels on each side of the membrane when the barriers are removed. Hint: Adding salt results in an increase of bound water molecules and a decrease in free water molecules. Dilute Saltwater Concentrated Saltwater hypotonic Membrane hypertonic Free Bound

Answer: The left side has a lower concentration of salt but a higher concentration of free water molecules. Thus the water will flow through the membrane from left to right. Dilute Saltwater Concentrated Saltwater Membrane

Now watch the red gage needle… Let’s run the same experiment again but this time place a pressure gage on the right side. The pressure gage will give an indication of the amount of pressure the water on the left side exerts. We’ll now remove the barriers. Dilute Saltwater Concentrated Saltwater Membrane Now watch the red gage needle…

The red needle indicated an increase in water pressure. Notice the water level did not change. This is because the gage prevents the water from moving. Dilute Saltwater Concentrated Saltwater Membrane

22. Pressure as a result of osmosis is called osmotic pressure. The blinking red arrow does not represent water flow, but the direction of water pressure instead. 22. Pressure as a result of osmosis is called osmotic pressure. Dilute Saltwater Concentrated Saltwater Membrane

Effects of Osmosis on Protists A Paramecium

Now let’s see what effect osmosis has on living cells. In this beaker of pond water is a microscopic one-celled organism called a paramecium. Paramecia are so small that you need a microscope to see them. Pond water

23. Make a hypothesis as to why they are doing this. Notice how the two contractile vacuoles inside the paramecium expand and contract. 23. Make a hypothesis as to why they are doing this. Pond water Answer: Water constantly enters the paramecium by osmosis. The contractile vacuoles expel the water from the cell.

24. What will happen to the paramecium if the contractile vacuoles fail to function? Answer: The paramecium will probably expand to the point that it lysis (breaks open). Pond water

Let’s add some salt to the pond water. salt The salty pond water is now hypertonic compared to the inside of the paramecium. Will water tend to flow out of the paramecium or into it? Salty Pond water Pond water Answer: Water will tend to flow out of the paramecium. H2O H2O

25. How will the added salt affect the rate at which the paramecium contracts its vacuoles? Answer: To conserve water, the paramecium will slow the rate at which its vacuoles contract. Salty Pond water Before salt was added After salt was added Compare the rates

Assume we now place the paramecium in distilled water. Distilled water is pure water. It does not have any impurities or salts dissolved in it. Distilled water has nothing but free water molecules. Salty Pond water Distilled water

26. Now with the paramecium in distilled water, hypothesize how the rate of vacuole contractions will change. Answer: Too much water is entering into the paramecium. The vacuoles must contract faster to expel the water. Distilled water In pond water In distilled water Compare the rates

27. Osmoregulation is the ability of an organism, like this paramecium, to regulate its internal environment via osmosis.

Effects of Osmosis on Animal Cells Human Cheek Cells

28. Isotonic: Having a solute concentration equal to that of another solution. Hypertonic: Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. Hypotonic: Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution. H2O H2O H2O H2O Cheek cells are placed in three different solutions above. Based on what happens to the cells, determine if the solution is hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to the cell’s internal environment. Refer to the definitions above.

Answer: Hypertonic Isontonic Hypotonic 29. Unlike paramecia, cheek cells lack contractile vacuoles to regulate osmosis. This makes cheek cells more susceptible to death by shriveling in hypertonic solutions and swelling in hypotonic solutions.

Blood cells in a hypertonic solution

Blood cells in a hypotonic solution

33. Fresh water fish like brown trout cannot survive in sea water. 30. Sea water is hypertonic to fresh water. 31. Ocean fish like tuna cannot survive in fresh water. Sea water Fresh water 32. Fresh water is hypotonic to sea water. 33. Fresh water fish like brown trout cannot survive in sea water.

Effects of Osmosis on Plant Cells Chloroplasts in cells of Elodea

Central vacuole (acqueous) The cell below represents a typical plant cell with the following components: Nucleus Cell wall Chloroplast Central vacuole (acqueous) Mitochondria Golgi body Cytosol H2O H2O Water moves into the cell… and out of the cell by via osmosis.

Let’s place plant cells in isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions. H2O H2O H2O H2O 34. In an isotonic solution, water moves in and out at equal rates. 35. In an hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell. 36. In an hypotonic solution, water moves into the cell.

37. In a hypertonic solution, plant cells are plasmolyzed, which is a condition where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall. 38. In a hypotonic solution, plant cells become turgid, or swollen. The osmotic pressure that causes this is called turgor. Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Plasmolyzed cell Turgid cell

39. On your worksheet, draw how a plant cell looks in each of the following states: Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Plasmolyzed cell Turgid cell

Match each plant’s state below to the plant cell’s condition in each solution. Answer: Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Plasmolyzed cell Turgid cell A B C

Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Plasmolyzed cell Turgid cell A C B

Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Plasmolyzed cell Turgid cell Isotonic solutions make plants slightly wilted (flaccid). Hypertonic solutions make plants very flaccid. Hypotonic solutions help keep plants firm and upright. A C B

40. On your worksheet, draw how a plant will look in the following environments. Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic