AP Biology 2 Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

4 Macromolecules of Living Organisms  4 types covered Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Proteins Proteins Nucleic acids Nucleic acids

Polymers  Polymers are made from monomers  Only about monomers  Polymerization reactions link monomers to make polymers

Dehydration and Hydrolysis of Polymers

Carbohydrates  Made of monosaccharides  C H 2 O  *Glucose *  Skeletons vary from 3-7 carbons

? Geometric Isomers ? Structural Isomer

Carbs cont.  Disaccharides  Maltose  Lactose  Sucrose  Formation of Disaccharides Formation of Disaccharides Formation of Disaccharides

Carbs cont.  Polysaccharides  Storage (hydrolyzed to provide sugar) Starch – plant storage in plastids, like chloroplasts Starch – plant storage in plastids, like chloroplasts Glycogen – animal storage in liver and muscle cells, depletes daily Glycogen – animal storage in liver and muscle cells, depletes daily  Structural Cellulose (plants) and Chitin (arthropods and fungi) used to make cell walls and exoskeletons Cellulose (plants) and Chitin (arthropods and fungi) used to make cell walls and exoskeletons

Lipids  Made of glycerol and fatty acids  Hydrophobic (non polar C-H bonds) (non polar C-H bonds)  Saturated vs. unsaturated No double bonds – saturated with H No double bonds – saturated with H  Functions of lipids Temp. regulation, energy storage Temp. regulation, energy storage cushion vital organs cushion vital organs  Fats  Phospholipids Hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail Hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail Major component of cell membranes Major component of cell membranes  Steroids 4 fused Carbon rings with functional groups 4 fused Carbon rings with functional groups Cholesterol – component of animal cell membranes, precursor to steroids, can cause artherosclerosis Cholesterol – component of animal cell membranes, precursor to steroids, can cause artherosclerosis

Proteins  Amino acids  Functions  Polypeptides  Primary  Secondary  Tertiary  Quartenary  Denaturation

Amino Acids

Structure

TertiaryTertiary And Quaternary Quaternary TertiaryQuaternary

Improper Structure

Nucleic Acids  DNA  RNA  Nucleotides  Pyrimidine  Purine