Stylized atomic structure

periodic chart of the elements

C H Carbon Hydrogen

Na Na+ cation

Cl Cl- anion

C H H HH CH 4 - methane 4 covalent bonds

Na+Cl- Ionic bond Sodium chloride

O H H H 2 O - water Polar covalent - +

O H H O H H O H H Hydrogen bonds

CH 2 OH OH Glucose

CH 2 OH OH CH 2 OH OH Glucose + glucose = OH Maltose + H 2 O H-O-H Formation of a disaccharide

A short polysaccharide

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = O - O-H R - C = O - O-H Generalized fatty acid R - C = O - O-H

R - C = O R - C = O R - C = O - C-H H H 3 fatty acidsglycerol - C-H -OH-O-H -OH-O-H -OH-O-H Triacylglycerol (triglyceride) + 3H 2 O H-O-H

R - C = O R - C = O R - C = O - C-H H H -O R - C = O R - C = O H – C – O – P – O - H H - C-H -O = O - O triacylglycerol phospholipid

O H H - + C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = O - O-H

R - C = O R - C = O R - C = O - C-H H H -O R - C = O R - C = O H – C – O – P – O - H H - C-H -O = O - O triacylglycerol phospholipid

R - C = O R - C = O H – C – O – P – O - H H - C-H -O = O - O hydrophilic hydrophobic

R - C = O R - C = O H – C – O – P – O - H H - C-H -O = O - O Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Representation of a phospholipid

water

Inside cell membrane Outside cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer/structure of cell membrane

H - N - C - C = O - O -H H - - R Basic amino acid structure Amino group Carboxyl group

H - N - C - C = O H - - R N - C - C = O - O -H H - - R - O -H H - H-O-H Formation on peptide bond Peptide bond

Amino acid A polypeptide

Primary structure Secondary structure - alpha helix Tertiary structure Quaternary structure Protein structure

Nucleotide structure O CC CC C Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Nitrogenous base P Phosphate group

Sugar phosphate backbone Nitrogenous bases Structure of RNA

AT CG CG T A Structure of DNA Hydrogen bonds