Chapter 2(a) Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–2 Figure 2.7: A cathode-ray tube. The fast- moving electrons excite the gas in the tube, causing a glow between the electrodes.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–3 Figure 2.8: Deflection of cathode rays by an applied electric field.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–4 Figure 2.9: The plum pudding model of the atom.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–5 Figure 2.10: A schematic representation of the apparatus Millikan used to determine the charge on the electron.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–6 Rutherford
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–7 Figure 2.12: Rutherford's experiment on -particle bombardment of metal foil.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–8 Figure 2.13: (a) The expected results of the metal foil experiment if Thomson's model were correct. (b)Actual results.
Figure 2.14: A nuclear atom viewed in cross section. Note that this drawing is not to scale.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–10 So how many nucleons (protons or neutrons) in 1 gram? 1 / 1.67 x = x = Avogadro’s number = N
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–11 The molar mass of water is 18 g/mol. How many water molecules are present in 18 cc of water? How many hydrogen atoms are present In 9 grams of water? How much does 1 mole of water weigh?
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–12 Nitrogen (N 2 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ) react to form ammonia (NH 3 ): N 2 + H 2 NH 3 How much hydrogen is need to completely react with 7 grams of nitrogen? How much ammonia will that produce? N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3 USE MOLES! With 7 gram each of nitrogen and hydrogen, Which is the limiting reagent?
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–13 Figure 2.15: Two isotopes of sodium. Both have eleven protons and eleven electrons, but they differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–14 Figure 2.21: The Periodic Table.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–15
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–16
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–17
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–18 Crystals of copper(II) sulfate.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–19 Various chromium compounds dissolved in water. From left to right; CrCl 2, K 2 Cr 2 O 7, Cr(NO 3 ) 3, CrCl 3, K 2 CrO 4.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–20 Figure 2.22: The common cations and anions
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–21
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–22
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–23 Figure 2.23: A flowchart for naming binary compounds.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–24 Figure 2.24: Overall strategy for naming chemical compounds.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–25
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–26
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–27 Figure 2.25: A flowchart for naming acids. An acid is best considered as one or more H+ ions attached to an anion.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–28
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–29
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–30 Figure 2.4: A representation of some of Gay-Lussac's experimental results on combining gas volumes.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–31 Figure 2.5: A representation of combining gases at the molecular level. The spheres represent atoms in the molecules.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–32 The molar mass of styrene is g/mol. what is the molecular formula of styrene? The empirical formula of styrene is CH; How many H atoms are present in a g sample of styrene? How many styrene molecules are present in gram of styrene?
Figure 2.16: The structural formula for methane.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–34 Figure 2.17: Space-filling model of methane. This type of model shows both the relative sizes of the atoms in the molecule and their spatial relationships.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–35 Figure 2.18: Ball-and-stick model of methane.
Figure 2.19: Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas to form solid sodium chloride.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2a–37 Figure 2.20: Ball-and-stick models of the ammonium ion and the nitrate ion.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1b–38 Figure 1.13: The three states of water (where red spheres represent oxygen atoms and blue spheres represent hydrogen atoms).
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1b–39 Figure 1.14: Simple laboratory distillation apparatus.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1b–40 Figure 1.16: The organization of matter.