12. Muslim Empires Standard: Examine the origins and contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. Essential Question: What were the origins and contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires?

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Origins of Muslim Empires Element: Describe the geographical extent of the Ottoman Empire during the rule of Suleyman the Magnificent, the Safavid Empire during the reign of Shah Abbas I, and the Mughal Empire during the reigns of Babur and Akbar. Vocabulary: Ottoman Empire, Suleyman the Magnificent, Safavid Empire, Shah Abbas I, Mughal Empire, Babur, and Akbar

Nations Today Ottoman: Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa Safavid: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan Mughal: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India

Contributions of Muslim Empires Element: Explain the ways in which these Muslim empires influenced religion, law, and the arts in their parts of the world.

Ottoman Empire Religion: Sunni Muslims tolerant of non-Muslims, had to pay special tax

Ottoman Empire Law: Suleyman created a law code maintained Islamic law applied to all Muslims in the empire ulema = advisors that administered the legal system and Muslim schools

Ottoman Empire Art: production of pottery, rugs, silk, other textiles, jewelry, arms, and armor all flourished greatest artistic accomplishment was in architecture, especially the mosques Suleimaniye Mosque in Istanbul factories produced silk wall hangings, sofa covers, and court costumes

Suleimaniye Mosque

Safavid Empire Religion: Shi’ite Muslims believed shah to be a descendant of Muhammad tolerant of other religions brought members of Christian religious orders into the empire Europeans moved into the land

Safavid Empire Law: all land controlled by the Shah appointment of aristocracy by merit, not birth promoted only officials who proved their competence and loyalty hired foreigners from neighboring countries to fill positions in government punished corruption severely

Safavid Empire Art: Isfahan was a planned city with wide spaces and a sense of order Palaces, mosques, and bazaars surrounded a huge polo ground metalwork, elaborate tiles, and delicate glass

Isfahan Royal Palace

Safavid Empire Art: Silk weaving based on new techniques flourished brightly colored silks, with gold and silver threads, portrayed birds, animals, and flowers carpet weaving flourished, wool carpets prized throughout the world

Safavid Empire Art: Riza-i-Abbasi was the most famous artist of the period painted simple subjects such as oxen plowing, hunters, and lovers

Mughal Empire Religion: Muslims in a region dominated by the Hindu defended religious freedoms Akbar married 2 Hindus, a Christian and a Muslim to show religious tolerance

Mughal Empire Law: abolished both tax on Hindu pilgrims and the hated jizya, the tax on non-Muslims governed through bureaucracy Income tax, calculating it as a percentage of the value of the peasants crops generous land grants to bureaucrats, after their death reclaimed the land and distributed them as he saw fit

Mughal Empire Art: Hindi-a mixture of Persian and local language, main language of India Urdu- “from the soldiers camp.” Blend of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi. Official language of Pakistan Hindi literature revival

Mughal Empire Art: Akbar syle - portrayed humans in action, something generally absent from Persian art Book illustrations-small, highly detailed, and colorful paintings also known as miniatures Architecture-massive but graceful structures are decorated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes Taj Mahal - decorated with cut-stone geometric patterns, delicate black tracery, or inlays of colored precious stones in floral mosaics