Comparing Forms of Government Chapter 2

Political Economy  Link between economic and political systems  Belief that economic systems will create laws / institutions that protect the economic systems  Link between economic and political systems  Belief that economic systems will create laws / institutions that protect the economic systems

Political Economy  Political  Democracy  anarchy  Aristocracy  Oligarchy  dictatorship  Monarchy  tyranny  Political  Democracy  anarchy  Aristocracy  Oligarchy  dictatorship  Monarchy  tyranny  Economic  Market economy  Traditional economy  Command economy

Origins and Evolution of Government  City - State:  Sumerians (Iraq 3000BC)  Direct Democracy:  Athens (Greece 5th Century BC)  Representative Democracy (Rome 500 BC)  Middle Ages: Feudalism to Nation- State  Feudalism  Absolute Monarchs v. Early Parliaments  City - State:  Sumerians (Iraq 3000BC)  Direct Democracy:  Athens (Greece 5th Century BC)  Representative Democracy (Rome 500 BC)  Middle Ages: Feudalism to Nation- State  Feudalism  Absolute Monarchs v. Early Parliaments

Age of Revolutions  Monarchs as despots  1215 Magna Carta  King John  (trial by jury, due process, life, liberty, property)  1628 Petition of Rights  Charles I  (unlawful detention; limited martial law)  1688 Bill of Rights: Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolution (1688 England): constitutional monarchy;  William and Mary  (parliamentary elections, fair trial, freedom from excess bail, cruel and unusual punishment)  Monarchs as despots  1215 Magna Carta  King John  (trial by jury, due process, life, liberty, property)  1628 Petition of Rights  Charles I  (unlawful detention; limited martial law)  1688 Bill of Rights: Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolution (1688 England): constitutional monarchy;  William and Mary  (parliamentary elections, fair trial, freedom from excess bail, cruel and unusual punishment)

Age of Revolution  American Revolution: constitutional democracy  Den of terrorists  French Revolution (1789): constitutional democracy to authoritarian regime; totalitarianism  Russian Revolution (1917): ‘communism’  Theory v. Reality  American Revolution: constitutional democracy  Den of terrorists  French Revolution (1789): constitutional democracy to authoritarian regime; totalitarianism  Russian Revolution (1917): ‘communism’  Theory v. Reality

Modern Totalitarianism  Communism  Joseph Stalin ( ) USSR  Communism party supreme power  State control economy  Suppression of opposition  Hostility to religion, human rights  Communism  Joseph Stalin ( ) USSR  Communism party supreme power  State control economy  Suppression of opposition  Hostility to religion, human rights

Modern Totalitarianism  Fascism  Benito Mussolini ( ) Italy  Dictator supreme power  Every one serve the state (Hegel)  Extreme nationalism  Censorship and terror  Fascism  Benito Mussolini ( ) Italy  Dictator supreme power  Every one serve the state (Hegel)  Extreme nationalism  Censorship and terror

Modern Totalitarianism  Nazism  Adolf Hitler ( ) Germany  Nazi party holds supreme power  Racial superiority  Territorial expansion  Elimination of ‘inferior minorities’  Reject democracy / civil liberties  Nazism  Adolf Hitler ( ) Germany  Nazi party holds supreme power  Racial superiority  Territorial expansion  Elimination of ‘inferior minorities’  Reject democracy / civil liberties

Forms of Government: Today  Monarchy  Rule by one  Hereditary Ruler  King Abdullah, Saudi Arabia  Monarchy  Rule by one  Hereditary Ruler  King Abdullah, Saudi Arabia

Forms of Government: Today  Dictatorship  Rule by one  Military coup d’etat or coup  General Pervez Musharraf ( )  Pakistan  Dictatorship  Rule by one  Military coup d’etat or coup  General Pervez Musharraf ( )  Pakistan

Forms of Government: Today  Theocracy  Rule of a few religious leaders  Single state supported religion  Vatican City (nation); Pope  Iran; Islamic Republic  Ayatollah Khomeini  Theocracy  Rule of a few religious leaders  Single state supported religion  Vatican City (nation); Pope  Iran; Islamic Republic  Ayatollah Khomeini

Forms of Government: Today  Single-Party State  Constitution allows for one party  Or people ‘move’ to dominate party - sycophancy  Leading member of party control party and government  elite  Single-Party State  Constitution allows for one party  Or people ‘move’ to dominate party - sycophancy  Leading member of party control party and government  elite

Forms of government: Today  Direct democracy  Athens, Ancient Greece  Ohlone Indians, California  Switzerland  Referendum on laws  Initiative  recall  Direct democracy  Athens, Ancient Greece  Ohlone Indians, California  Switzerland  Referendum on laws  Initiative  recall

Forms of Government: Today  Parliamentary Democracy  Prime Minister  Ministers with portfolios  Parliament ministers  Votes of no confidence  People elect parliament; parliament elects prime minister  Great Britain; Canada  Parliamentary Democracy  Prime Minister  Ministers with portfolios  Parliament ministers  Votes of no confidence  People elect parliament; parliament elects prime minister  Great Britain; Canada

Forms of Government: Today  Presidential Democracy  People elect president (directly or indirectly)  People elect legislature  Responsive to people  Legitimacy  Checks and balances  Difficult to remove president  gridlock  Presidential Democracy  People elect president (directly or indirectly)  People elect legislature  Responsive to people  Legitimacy  Checks and balances  Difficult to remove president  gridlock

Distribution of Power  Unitary system  Centralized  Power in national government  Japan  Great Britain  Unitary system  Centralized  Power in national government  Japan  Great Britain

Distribution of Power  Federal System  Federalism  National and regional (state or province) share power  Flexible  Experiment with policy  Address local needs  Federal System  Federalism  National and regional (state or province) share power  Flexible  Experiment with policy  Address local needs

Distribution of Power  Confederal system  Confederation  States have more power than central government (national government)  Articles of confederation - first American Government  South during the Civil War  Supranational Organizations: European Union (EU)  Confederal system  Confederation  States have more power than central government (national government)  Articles of confederation - first American Government  South during the Civil War  Supranational Organizations: European Union (EU)

Economic Systems  Basic Questions all Economic Systems must answer  What goods and services should be produced?  How should these goods and services be produced?  For Whom? How should the people share the goods and services?  Basic Questions all Economic Systems must answer  What goods and services should be produced?  How should these goods and services be produced?  For Whom? How should the people share the goods and services?

Four Factors of Production  How should the factors of production be used?  Land  Labor  Capital  Entrepreneurship  How should the factors of production be used?  Land  Labor  Capital  Entrepreneurship

Economic Systems: Traditional  Decisions are made by custom (ancestors) - three basic questions  Inuit of Alaska  Decisions are made by custom (ancestors) - three basic questions  Inuit of Alaska

Economic Systems: Market Economies  Market economy; capitalism, free enterprise  Interaction of supply and demand  Invisible hand: individual decisions of producers and consumers  Market economy; capitalism, free enterprise  Interaction of supply and demand  Invisible hand: individual decisions of producers and consumers

Economic systems: Command Economies  Government decides three basic questions  Socialism /Communism  Central planners  Problems: shortages  Government decides three basic questions  Socialism /Communism  Central planners  Problems: shortages

Economic Systems: Mixed Economies  Blends reliance on market forces with government involvement in the market place  Regulation  Inspection  USA: market to mixed economy  PRC: Command to mixed economy  Blends reliance on market forces with government involvement in the market place  Regulation  Inspection  USA: market to mixed economy  PRC: Command to mixed economy