Models/Theories review Best advice: Review for this quiz in ‘full screen mode’ (F5) so you can look at models without seeing answers. Continue filling out your chart with info on the Geographers and their models/theories

Most important Geographers Be able to match the person to their theory/model Be able to recognize/classify the theory/model

Alonso Bid Rent theory

John Borchert 1) Sail-Wagon Epoch ( ) - associated with low technology 2) Iron Horse Epoch ( ); steam-powered locomotive & spreading rails 3) Steel-Rail Epoch ( ); full impact of Ind. Rev. (steel), hinterlands expand 4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch ( ); gas-powered internal combustion engine High Technology Epoch (1970-today ); expansion of service & information industries (not part of Borchert's model) Transportation & Urbanization model: The American Epochs Five distinct periods in the history of American urbanization. Each epoch is characterized by the impact of a particular transport technology on the creation and differential rates of growth of American cities. AmericanurbanizationAmerican

Norman Borlaug RIP, 2009  Green Revolution

Esther BoserupPopulation and economic growth theory Not the worry wart regarding population

ERNST BURGESSCONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH Burgess and Urban = BURban

H. Carey The Gravity Model for Migration

CHRISTALLERCENTRAL PLACE THEORY OF URBAN/SERVICES DEVELOPMENT

SubSaharan City model DeBlij

Jared Diamond (1937-) Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997); geographic luck(environmental determinism)

Ford/Griffin Latin American city model

Joel Garreau Edge Cities/ Urbanization

Gimbutas Kurgan hypothesis In 1956 Gimbutas introduced her Kurgan hypothesis, which combined archaeological study of the distinctive Kurgan burial mounds with linguistics to unravel some problems in the study of theProto-Indo-European (PIE) speaking peoples, whom she dubbed the "Kurgans"; namely, to account for their origin and to trace their migrations into Europe.Kurgan hypothesisKurganlinguisticsProto-Indo-EuropeanEurope

HARRIS & ULLMANMULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH Multiple names = multiple nuclei

Harold HotellingIndustry – –Locational interdependence –Ice cream/Starbucks theory

HOMER HOYTSECTOR MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH Homer / sector

KoppenClimate classifications

August LoschIndustrialization – –Profit maximization –Lots of money-Losch –‘$$ make me happy’ guy

Thomas MalthusTheory of overpopulation

HALFORD MAKINDER HEARTLAND THEORY OF POLITICAL POWER MaKINDer is kind HEARTed

Alfred MahanSea power theory of political growth

McGee SE Asian city model

PETER MULLERSUBURBANIZATION + TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS IN URBAN REGIONS Muller = Mules TRANSPORT

Omran epidemiological transition is a phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment, followed by a re- leveling of population growth from subsequent declines in fertility ratesfertility rates

FRIEDRICH RATZELORGANIC THEORY OF STATE GROWTH + ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM - Natural surroundings rule human action A RAT is ORGANIC/alive RATs live in the environment

Ernst RavensteinGravity model of migration + Laws of Migration RAVENS fly/ MIGRATE

Collin RenfrewLanguage diffusion by agricultural means CoLLin/Language…..

Walter Rostow Stages of economic growth/development Be able to name the stages w/country examples RostOW = economic grOWth

Carl Sauer Possiblism/Landscape Theory states that the cultural landscape is shaped by humans and various cultural aspects of their culture. Examples- Humans have altered the physical environment in many ways including the architecture humans build, the toponyms placed on certain locations, burial practices, and sacred sites that are established. Possibilism Humans can alter their environment Hoover Dam – changing the landscape

Nicholas SpykmanHe who controls the Rimland, controls the world – political systems theory SPYKE the RIM

Taylor and Lang World Cities Model tAyLor / LAng L.A. is a world city

Warren ThompsonDemographic Transition Holds that slowing population growth is attributable to –improved economic production –and higher standards of living brought about by changes in medicine, education and sanitation. Overcrowding is a reflection of the Carrying Capacity and not the numbers per unit area. (Carrying Capacity is the # of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology.)

VON THUNENAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN AN ISOLATED STATE SURROUND A MARKET ZONE THAT IS CIRCULAR Not Burgess, but look the same.

Immanuel Wallerstein World Systems Theory / Core- Periphery model Wallerstein = World

Alfred WeberLeast Cost theory and Industrial location theory Cheap guy/theory

Alfred Wegener Continental drift (1915): hypothesized that the continents were slowly drifting around the Earth. His hypothesis was not accepted until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries provided conclusive evidence (plate tectonics).

Wilber Zelinsky

G. ZipfRank-size rule for sizes of cities

Tinbergen/Reilly Gravity model/Retail gravitation Reilly's law of retail gravitation 1931 Customers may be willing to travel longer distances to larger retail centers as long as they are large enough. The law presumes the geography of the area is flat without any rivers, roads or mountains to alter a consumer's decision of where to travel to buy goods. It also assumes consumers are indifferent between the actual cities. In analogy with Newton's law of gravitation, the point of indifference is the point at which the "attractiveness" of the two retail centres (postulated to be proportional to their size and inverselyNewton's law of gravitation

Zipf gravity model of migration The gravity model takes into account the population size of two places and their distance. Since larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction, the gravity model incorporates these two features. The relative strength of a bond between two places is determined by multiplying the population of city A by the population of city B and then dividing the product by the distance between the two cities squared.

Singer & Prebisch Dependency Theory 1949 Is a critique of Rostow’s Modernization model; It takes a structuralist view (stating that regional disparities are the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic and political system, and therefore cannot be changed easily). The export-driven economies of developing countries (trading mostly raw materials and commodities that have declined in value as compared with manufactured goods) limit the development possibilities of poorer areas; this dependency helps sustain the prosperity of richer regions, even after decolonization had occurred (neocolonialism).

Marx Socialism eco theory Marx contended that capitalism promotes class struggle and an unequal distribution of wealth (and food); socialism promotes the equal distribution of power and wealth (and food).

Ullman spatial interaction model Interaction and trade are based on three phenomena: 1. Complementarity – the demands of one region match the surplus products of another (e.g., Florida orange juice shipped to the Northeast US). Regions with surpluses have a comparative advantage (the ability of a region to specialize in an economic activity, such as production, at a lower cost and greater efficiency than another region). 2. Intervening opportunity – the presence of a nearer opportunity diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away 3. Transferability - the ease (or difficulty) in which goods may be transported from one area to another

Stouffer Law of intervening opps The number of persons going a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at that distance and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities” (The squirrel factor)

Vance urban realms model Urban-Realms Model (1964): each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metropolitan framework. Independent suburban downtowns are the foci of the urban realms, yet they are within the sphere of influence of the central city and its metropolitan CBD. * An urban realm is likely to become more selfsufficient if the overall metropolis is large, if the economic activity in the region is decentralized, if there are topographical barriers that isolate the realm, and/or if there is good internal accessibility to transportation (especially to an airport) * Today, urban realms have become, so large they have developed exurbs (rings of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs that are commuter towns for an urban area)

Ricardo: Galactic city model Peripheral Model (Galactic City Model): the US urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by transportation nodes (e.g., a beltway or ring road to avoid traffic congestion). The periphery acts as a functional metropolitan complex, not a series of separate CBDs. It represents urban decentralization (with an increase in edge cities) and the US transcendence into a postindustrial society (from predominantly secondary economic activities to tertiary, quaternary, and quinary activities).

Neo colonialism

Core periphery/World Systems

Most important Models/Theories Be able to match the person to their theory/model Be able to recognize/classify the theory/model

Anatolian Hearth theory Correlation b/t source areas of 3 agricultural centers and 3 major languages Turkey/agriculture/food/language

Central Place TheorySpatial distribution of cities/service centers is a hexagon w/CP in the middle Chrystals…

Core-Periphery model World systems Places/regions can’t develop equally, somebody has to be poor!

Demographic Transition Model Birth and mortality rates are tied to stages of development

Demographic Transition Holds that slowing population growth is attributable to –improved economic production –and higher standards of living brought about by changes in medicine, education and sanitation. Overcrowding is a reflection of the Carrying Capacity and not the numbers per unit area. (Carrying Capacity is the # of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology.)

Dependency TheoryPoor country’s economy is tied to a rich country, usually it’s former colonizer Tied to Neo-colonialism

Gravity model of migration Relationship b/t volume of migration and distance from source & destination is inverse ‘Black Hole’ city

Heartland Theory Mackinder's Heartland (also known as the Pivot Area) is the core area of Eurasia, and the World-Island is all of Eurasia (both Europe and Asia). He who controls Europe, controls the world ‘Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world’

Least Cost/Location Theory Minimizing transportation costs Cheap theory

Migration TheoryPush-Pull Forces impact choices FORCED VOLUNTARY IMPELLED CHAIN

Concentric Zone Model Burgess Focus on CBD importance b/c CBD is at the center of the model ????

Multiple Nuclei modelCBD is not as important, urban areas develop several CBDs

Sector modelBased on urban transportation routes and bid rent prices

World Systems Theory Development is applicable across scales – local to regional to global

Five distinct periods in the history of American urbanization. American urbanization Each epoch is characterized by the impact of a particular transport technology on the creation and differential rates of growth of American cities.American Urbanization: American Epochs

Edge Cities/ Urbanization

‘Where there is a Target, there is also a….’ Industry – –Locational interdependence –Ice cream/ starbucks theory

Industrialization – –Profit maximization –‘$$ make me happy’ guy

Gravity model/Retail gravitation Retail - Reilly

Zipf’s Gravity model of migration The gravity model takes into account the population size of two places and their distance. Since larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction, the gravity model incorporates these two features. The relative strength of a bond between two places is determined by multiplying the population of city A by the population of city B and then dividing the product by the distance between the two cities squared.

Dependency Theory 1949 Is a critique of Rostow’s Modernization model; It takes a structuralist view (stating that regional disparities are the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic and political system, and therefore cannot be changed easily). The export-driven economies of developing countries (trading mostly raw materials and commodities that have declined in value as compared with manufactured goods) limit the development possibilities of poorer areas; this dependency helps sustain the prosperity of richer regions, even after decolonization had occurred (neocolonialism).

Socialism eco theory Marx contended that capitalism promotes class struggle and an unequal distribution of wealth (and food); socialism promotes the equal distribution of power and wealth (and food).

Spatial interaction model Interaction and trade are based on three phenomena: 1. Complementarity – the demands of one region match the surplus products of another (e.g., Florida orange juice shipped to the Northeast US). Regions with surpluses have a comparative advantage (the ability of a region to specialize in an economic activity, such as production, at a lower cost and greater efficiency than another region). 2. Intervening opportunity – the presence of a nearer opportunity diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away 3. Transferability - the ease (or difficulty) in which goods may be transported from one area to another

Law of intervening opps The number of persons going a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at that distance and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities” (The squirrel factor)

Urban realms model Urban-Realms Model (1964): each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metropolitan framework. Independent suburban downtowns are the foci of the urban realms, yet they are within the sphere of influence of the central city and its metropolitan CBD. * An urban realm is likely to become more selfsufficient if the overall metropolis is large, if the economic activity in the region is decentralized, if there are topographical barriers that isolate the realm, and/or if there is good internal accessibility to transportation (especially to an airport) * Today, urban realms have become, so large they have developed exurbs (rings of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs that are commuter towns for an urban area)

Galactic city Peripheral Model (Galactic City Model): the US urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by transportation nodes (e.g., a beltway or ring road to avoid traffic congestion). The periphery acts as a functional metropolitan complex, not a series of separate CBDs. It represents urban decentralization (with an increase in edge cities) and the US transcendence into a postindustrial society (from predominantly secondary economic activities to tertiary, quaternary, and quinary activities).

Neo colonialism

Core periphery

Connecting Agri/Ind/Medical revs to urbanization

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