Early Cities Urban Hearth Areas –Follows the same pattern as agricultural hearth areas –Areas: Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Huang He River Valley, Egypt, & MesoAmerica First Urban Revolution –Leadership class developed –Population of cities was 10,000-15,000 Ancient Cities were centers of religion, power & economics

Urban Hearths

Classical Cities: Athens – population 250,000 A global city, rather than regional Urbanization diffused from Greece Had acropolis & agora Rome Combine acropolis & agora = forum Urban Morphology- form & structure of cities, incl. street patterns, size and shape The Diffusion of Urbanization

Medieval Cities Europe – see map (Knox 398) Decreased in size and importance Non-European – see map –thriving

Colonial Cities Pre-Colonial –Cities tend to be inland Colonial (see map Knox 402) –Cities on coast Gateway Cities – “serve as a link between one country or region and others because of their physical situation” (Knox 400)

Industrialization Second Urban Revolution prompted by second revolution in agriculture Increased urbanization Location choice based solely on power source

Industrialization- Shock Cities Manchester, England , , , ,300,000 Chicago , , ,700, ,300,000

Shock City Rapid economic and socio-cultural changes, population growth

U.S. Urban Growth Stages

Borchert’s Epoch of Urbanization 1 st Sail and Wagon 2 nd Steamboat and short haul railroad 3 rd 1870 – 1920 Long haul railroad 4 th automobile, air, and amenities (places with value based on beauty not resources)

Bid-Rent Theory Multiplier Effect

Gravity Model Predicts the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it Threshold – number of people needed Range – distance willing to travel Hinterland (market area) – area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted

Central Place Theory by Walter Christaller in the 1930’s Assumed –region would be flat with no physical barriers –Soil fertility would be equal –Power and purchasing power would be even Utilizes hexagons, rather than circles Studies confirm the distribution of cities, towns, & villages are tied to trade areas, population size and distance

Central Place Theory C = city T = town V = village H = hamlet

Models of Internal Structure of Cities Burgess HoytHarris & Ullman

De BlijGriffin-FordMcGee

Colonial City Fort European Town Native town

Western European City

Eastern European City Budapest, Hungary

Megalopolis / Conurbation Urbanization, counterurbanization Reurbanization, gentrification Basic and nonbasic (service) sector of the economy

Rank-size Rule Primate City World Cities Megacities Overurbanization Squatter settlements