Russian –Turkish War

Background Eastern question as a salient issue for the Russian empire –Results of the Crimean war –Black Sea –Territories –French and British support of the Ottomans Pan-Slavism

Immediate Reasons Riots in Bosnia And Herzegovina – summer 1875 April Uprising in Bulgaria – April to May 1876 Suppression and atrocities – victims of bashibuzuks Reaction of Europe –Public opinion in France and especially Britain was against the pro-Ottoman political line of the government Failure to resolve the issue through diplomacy

Public Opinion in Russia Slavophiles vs. Westernizers (Zapadniki) Slavophiles (Dostoevsky): the great mission of Russia, gathering of the Slavic Orthodox lands, siege of Constantinople Zapadniki (Turgenev): war of liberation

Major Battles April 12, 1877 – Russia declares war –Time pressure May 1877 – Russian troops enter the lands of Romania June 21 – Russian troops cross the Danube river June 25 – Tarnovo End of July – Shipka pass August – October attempts to take Plevna Ottoman counter attack November 28 – Plevna December 23, 1877 – Sofia January 3-5 – Plovdiv January 15 – Osman-Bazar

Results of the war San-Stefano peace treaty February 19 July 1 Treaty of Berlin Bulgarian principality