BRAZIL Chapter 9

THE MAKING OF THE MODERN BRAZILIAN STATE Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 2  Politics in Action  Brazil, the Olympics and the World Cup  Geographic Setting  Larger than the United States; occupies two- thirds of South America  Diverse terrain, rich in natural resources and arable land  Ethnically mixed society Section 1

Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 3

THE BRAZILIAN NATION AT A GLANCE Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 4

THE MAKING OF THE MODERN BRAZILIAN STATE Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 5  Critical Junctures  The Brazilian Empire (1822–1889)  The Old Republic (1889–1930)  The 1930 Revolution  The Populist Republic (1945–1964)  The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism (1964–1985)

THE MAKING OF THE MODERN BRAZILIAN STATE  Critical Junctures  The Transition to Democracy and the First Civilian Governments (1974–2001)  Brazil after September 11, 2001 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 6

 The Four Themes and Brazil  Brazil in a Globalized World of States  Governing the Economy  The Democratic Idea  The Politics of Collective Identity Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 7 THE MAKING OF THE MODERN BRAZILIAN STATE

Where Do You Stand? The Estado Nôvo and the bureaucratic authoritarian periods were associated with the industrial development of Brazil. Do you think that this suggests that economic development may something require authoritarian rule? Supporters of Cardoso and Lula disagree on which did the most for Brazil. Which one would you did the most to address the needs of democracy, the economy, and social development? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 8

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  State and Economy  Politics shaped by quest for economic and social development  First, based on export-led growth  Then shift to interventionist when coffee declined (1930s)  Import substitution industrialization (1940s)  Developmentalism (1950s)  Para-statals (public or state firms) Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 9 Section 2

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  State and Economy  The Fiscal System  The Problem of Inflation Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 10

Governing the Economy: Brazilian Public Sector Debt as a Percentage of GDP, Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 11

Governing the Economy: Monthly Rates of Inflation, Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 12

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Society and Economy  Industrial growth had lasting effects on urban population  Racial inequalities  Uneven effects of industrialization/policy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 13

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Society and Economy  The Welfare System  Agrarian Reform Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 14

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Environmental Issues  Environmentalism vs. development  Rain forests threatened by industrialization  Deforestation  New advocacy networks emerging Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 15

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Brazil in the Global Economy  Financing of state-led industrialization exceeded bank resources  Market liberalization opened industry to foreign competition  Becoming major manufacturing and agrindustry node Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 16

Where Do You Stand? Neoliberals recognize that the state has played an important role in the development of Brazil, but they point to the failures of ISI to show that more market-oriented policies are necessary. Do you agree more with the neoliberals or with the statists? Brazilians like to say that the size of their economy gives Brazil the right to exercise its influence around the world. Do you agree? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 17

GOVERNMENT AND POLICY-MAKING  Organization of the State  Official separation of Church and state  Vast power in hands of the executive  State lacks check and balances  The Executive  Presidential system  Significant legislative powers Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 18 Section 3

GOVERNMENT AND POLICY-MAKING  The Executive  The Bureaucracy: State and Semipublic Firms  After 1940, state created new agencies and public enterprises  Constitution initially reinforced certain bureaucratic monopolies (1988)  Collor government’s National Destatization Program Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 19

GOVERNMENT AND POLICY-MAKING  Other State Institutions  The Judiciary  Supreme Federal Tribunal  Subnational Government  Consists of governor, chief advisors, and unicameral legislature  Influential  The Military and Police Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 20

GOVERNMENT AND POLICY-MAKING  The Policy-Making Process  Although policy-making mostly fluid and ambiguous, some domains clearly demarcated  Clientelism  Bureaucratic rings  “The Brazilian way” Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 21

Where Do You Stand? Would you consider the Brazilian state “strong”? Does clientelism in policy-making have redeeming qualities? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 22

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  The Legislature  Bicameral  Senate (upper house)  Chamber of Deputies (lower house)  Both houses have equal authority to propose or veto legislation  Legislators view service as means to enhance own income Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 23 Section 4

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Political Parties and the Party System  Party names, affiliations, alliances constantly in flux  Mix of presidentialism and multiparty democracy  Proportional representation  Open-list system  Closed-list system Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 24

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Elections  Highly participatory  Urbanization and economic modernization increased size of electorate after 1945  Media role  Weak political parties, clientelism and corruption cause disillusionment Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 25

Share of Seats of the Major Parties in the Chamber of Deputies, Based on October 2010 Election Results Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 26

Share of Seats of the Major Parties in the Senate, Based on October 2010 Election Results Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 27

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity  Homogeneous linguistic and colonial experience  Racial democracy?  “Brazil is the country of the future.”  Embrace modernization with democracy  Promoted by Catholic Church  Distrust of the state Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 28

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest  Autonomous collective interests are politically important  Catholic Church  NGOs more active  Women’s groups active Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 29

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  The Political Impact of Technology  Fundamental impact  Organized media role  Coronelsimo eletrônico (electronic clientelism)  Social media and politics intermixed  World’s fastest rate of Internet growth Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 30

Where Do You Stand? Supporters of “coalitional presidentialism” see the Brazilian political system as progressively more governable. Do you agree? Are strong parties necessary in order to make civil societal groups in Brazil more influential in policy- making? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 31

BRAZILIAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION  Political Challenges and Changing Agendas  Lula’s legacy  Dilma Rousseff, successor  Fragmented politics  Economic development challenges  Economic growth with macroeconomic stability. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 32 Section 5

BRAZILIAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION  Youth Politics and the Generational Divide  Youth have no memory of hyperinflation  See Brazil as established democracy with abundant resources to confront issues Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 33

BRAZILIAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION  Brazilian Politics in Comparative Perspective  Fragmented polities threaten democracy, social development, and nation building  Weak state deepens sense that politics is corrupt  No consistent global strategy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 34

Where Do You Stand? Should Brazil exert its influence in the world even if it means growing conflicts with the United States? Do you think that Brazil is “the country of the future”? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 35