Chapter 21 Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Patterns of Long-Distance Trade Silk roads, Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basin, Trans-Saharan caravan routes  Development of trading cities, emporia  Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but expand trade network Example: Mongols in China, thirteenth century Trading patterns between 1000 and 1500 in Eurasia  Luxury goods of high value traveled overland on the silk roads Porcelain, spices, silk, tea, precious stones  Bulkier commodities traveled the sea lanes of the Indian Ocean Steel, stone, coral, lumber 2 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Marco Polo ( ) Traveled to Mongol court of Khubilai Khan in China Back to Venice in 1295 after seventeen years in China Narrative of his travels a best-seller, inspiring many European merchants Great influence on European engagement with far east 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Travels of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

Marco Polo ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

Political and Diplomatic Travel Mongols, Christians recognize Muslims as common enemy, thirteenth century Pope Innocent IV invites Mongols to convert to Christianity  Mongols counter-offer: Christians accept Mongol rule or face destruction 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Diplomatic Travelers Rabban Sauma  Sent by ilkan of Persia to win allies against Muslims  Met kings of France and England and the pope, but the mission failed  Ilkan Ghazan's conversion to Islam in 1295 ended possibility of alliance ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

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Diplomatic Travelers Ibn Battuta ( )  Islamic scholar, worked in governments on extensive travel  Strict punishment meted out according to sharia Lashes for drinking alcohol, hand amputations for theft  A Moroccan Islamic scholar who served as qadi to the sultan of Delhi  Later served on Maldives Islands, traveled to east and west Africa, and China  Consulted with Muslim rulers and offered advice on Islamic values ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

Ibn Battuta ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

Cultural Exchanges European scientists consulted with Muslim and Jewish counterparts on understanding of natural world New technology spread by travelers and facilitated their travel--for example, magnetic compass from China 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Spread of Crops New crops introduced to sub-Saharan Africa by Muslims: citrus fruits, rice, cotton Sugarcane originated in southwest Asia and north Africa  Introduced to Europeans during the crusades and demand increases rapidly  Europeans use Muslim precedent of having large populations of slaves work on sugarcane plantations 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Gunpowder Technologies Muslims, Mongols spread gunpowder Technology reaches Europe by mid-thirteenth century 16 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Crisis and Recovery Plague in China ca C.E.  Crises of the fourteenth century: global climate cooled, declining productivity, famine  Bubonic plague began in southwest China, spread rapidly through interior  In 1331, 90 percent of population in Hebei province killed 17 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Spread of Plague Reached Black Sea in 1346, Italy in 1347, and western Europe in 1348 Terrifying symptoms of the Black Death Mortality: often 60 percent to 70 percent of population, sometimes whole villages Scandinavia and India less effected; bypassed sub-Saharan Africa 18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Symptoms of the Black Plague Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin area  Buboes, hence bubonic 60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset of symptoms 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Population Decline (millions) 20 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Social and Economic Effects Massive labor shortages led to social unrest In western Europe, workers demanded higher wages Authorities resisted change; peasant rebellions 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Economic Recovery Repaired irrigation systems, agricultural productivity surged Promoted manufacture of porcelain, silk, and cotton textiles Trade within Asia flourished with increased production Actively promoted neo-Confucianism 22 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Recovery in Western Europe: State Building France and England  Fought Hundred Years' War ( ) over control of French lands  Asserted authority of central government over feudal nobility Spain united by the marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile  Completed the reconquista by conquering Granada from Muslims  Seized southern Italy in 1494  Sponsored Columbus's quest for a western route to China ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

Joan of Arc fought for the French against England and was very successful. Captured in battle by England and was burned at the stake for witchcraft ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

The Renaissance, Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century Renaissance, or rebirth of art and learning, City-states sponsored innovations in art and architecture Renaissance architecture  Simple and elegant style, inherited from classical Greek and Roman  Magnificent domed cathedrals 26 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Humanists Humanities: literature, history, moral philosophy Renaissance humanists deeply devoted to Christianity  Desiderius Erasmus ( ) publishes critical Greek-Latin edition of New Testament Also devoted to rediscovering classical Latin texts Reconciliation of Christianity with rapidly changing European society and economy 27 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploration and Colonization Zheng He's expeditions  Ming emperor permitted foreigners to trade at Quanzhou and Guangzhou  Refurbished the navy and sent seven large expeditions to the Indian Ocean basin  Purposes: to control foreign trade and impress foreign peoples  Visited southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, Arabia, and east Africa Chinese naval power  Zheng He's voyages diplomatic: exchanged gifts, envoys  Also military: used force to impress foreign powers  Expeditions enhanced Chinese reputation in the Indian Ocean basin ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28

Zheng He ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29

Chinese and European Voyages of Exploration, ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30

European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans Motives: profit, missionary activity (God, Glory, Gold) Portuguese early leaders in Atlantic exploration Search for sea route to Indian Ocean basin Prince Henry the Navigator encouragement of major Atlantic voyages ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31

Slave Trade Slave trade expanded fifteenth century  Portuguese traders ventured down west coast of Africa  Traded guns, textiles for gold and slaves  Thousands of slaves delivered to Atlantic island plantations 32 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Indian Ocean Trade Portuguese searched for sea route to Asian markets without Muslim intermediaries Bartolomeu Dias reached Cape of Good Hope, entered the Indian Ocean, 1488 Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut in 1498, returned to Lisbon with huge profit Portuguese mariners dominated trade between Europe and Asia, sixteenth century Portuguese ships with cannons launched European imperialism in Asia 33 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Christopher Columbus Search for western sea route to Indian Ocean Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage; departs in 1492 and makes landfall in San Salvador  Believed he had reached islands off coast of Asia 34 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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