Dr. Livio myetudes.org/portal MW 2:30-4:30 (CMS 229) TTh 3:30-4:30 (CMS 106)

Aerobiology Agriculture Anatomy Arachnology Astrobiology Biochemistry Bioengineering Biogeography Bioinformatics Biomathematics Biomechanics Biomedical research Biophysics Biotechnology Building biology Botany Cell biology Conservation biology Cryobiology Developmental biology Ecology Embryology Entomology Environmental biology Epidemiology Epigenetics Ethology Evolutionary biology Genetics Hematology Herpetology Histology Ichthyology Integrative biology Limnology Mammalogy Marine biology Microbiology Molecular biology Mycology Neurobiology Oncology Ornithology Population biology Population ecology Population genetics Paleontology Pathobiology Parasitology Pharmacology Physiology Phytopathology Psychobiology Sociobiology Structural biology Synthetic Biology Virology Zoology

 Introduction to wide diversity of biology and scientific techniques  Lectures and Labs  Etudes: quizzes, communications, study help  MasteringBiology: homework, study help

 What do you expect of me? Of your classmates?  What is expected of you?  To do well: ◦ read ahead and take notes on it ◦ know your deadlines and plan ahead ◦ check and Etudes regularly ◦ ask questions!  Learn how you learn: VARK Learning styles ◦ Go to: ◦ Take the Questionnaire ◦ Read the corresponding Helpsheets

 Build on what has been learned from earlier research  Skeptics: check the conclusions of others by attempting to repeat experiments  Scientific method: a series of steps that provide a guideline for scientific investigations.  2 main approaches:  Discovery science: describing nature  Hypothesis-driven science: explaining nature

Discovery science recording observations; asking questions; seeking explanations Who is this scientist? What does she do for a living?

 What are the steps?  Make Observations  Ask Questions  Develop Hypothesis  Run Experiment: Collect Data  Analyze Data: Test Hypotheses  Draw Conclusions

1. Must be based on observations 2. Must be testable 3. Must be falsifiable Hypotheses can not be “proven”: only supported or rejected

1. Mountain Dew is the best soda. 2. Sunsets are prettier on the west coast of the United States than on the east coast. 3. The population of ants around the CMS building increases in summer months June- September. Explain why the others don’t fit the rules!

Experiment does not support hypothesis. Experiment supports hypothesis; make more predictions and test. Observation The remote doesn’t work. Hypothesis The batteries are dead. Question What’s wrong? Experiment Replace batteries. Prediction With new batteries, it will work. Revise. An investigator uses logic to test a hypothesis: –Perform experiment: are results as predicted? –Deductive reasoning: “If…then” logic Hypothesis-Driven Science

(Trans fats are added to our food to increase shelf life and are inexpensive to prepare.) Example: Are Trans Fats Bad for You? A hypothesis-driven study published in 2004 – Observation: Human body fat is formed from consuming trans fat. – Question: Is the adipose (fat) tissue of heart attack patients different from a similar group of healthy patients? – Form the hypothesis: Healthy patients’ body fat contains less trans fat than the body fat in heart attack victims.

Researchers set up an experiment - determine the amounts of fat in the adipose tissue of 79 patients with heart attack (experimental group). Compare them to 167 patients with no heart attack (control group). Sample size: number of test subjects in each group Controlled experiment: the control and experimental groups differ only in one variable Standardization: other variables set to match between groups (e.g. age, gender, etc)

Heart attack patients 1.77 Control group Trans fats in adipose tissue (g trans fat per 100 g total fat) The results showed higher levels of trans fats in the bodies of the heart attack patients.

 Independent variable  Dependent variable  Experimental Treatment vs Control Treatment  Standardized variables  Sample size  Replication

Representing Data: Graphs: X- and Y-Axes

Representing Data: Graphs: Bar Practice time! Explain what the hypothesis, dependent and independent variables, and results are… Write it down! Practice time! Explain what the hypothesis, dependent and independent variables, and results are… Write it down!

Representing Data: Graphs: Line and interpolation Practice time! Explain what the hypothesis, dependent and independent variables, and results are… Write it down! Practice time! Explain what the hypothesis, dependent and independent variables, and results are… Write it down!

 A scientific theory is NOT a hypothesis  “Theories only become widely accepted in science if they are:  supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied evidence and  if they have not been contradicted by any scientific data.” Study tip! Read “What is a Scientific Theory?” in the Week 1 Module

Order Regulation Energy processing Growth and development Reproduction Evolution Response to the environment Properties of Life

Grouping Species: The Basic Concept  A species: a group of organisms that –live in the same place and time and –have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce healthy offspring.

 Taxonomy: the branch of biology that names and classifies species, is the arrangement of species into a hierarchy of broader and broader groups.

Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERIA Connect the examples below to the domains!  E. coli

 Species living today descended from a succession of ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent with modification,” capturing the duality of life’s 1.unity (descent) and 2.diversity (modification).

 Natural Selection: individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment are more likely to survive and leave more healthy offspring than others ◦ Unequal survival and reproductive success ◦ Adaptation Artificial Selection

 Cells display a correlation of structure and function Explain the function of the red blood cell. How is its shape correlated to this function?

Energy Transformations: Pathways That Transform Energy and Matter Inflow of light energy Outflow of heat energy ECOSYSTEM Consumers (animals) Chemical energy (food) Decomposers (in soil) Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Cycling of nutrients

Figure Organisms Biosphere Ecosystems Populations Communities Organ Systems and Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules and Atoms Nucleus Atom Hierarchy of life

Study Guidelines 1.How do you connect topics in Biology to real life? 2.Identify seven properties of life. Give examples. 3.Identify the three domains. Give examples. 4.Analyze the hierarchy of life. 5.Define and describe evolution. 6.Identify the connection between biology and chemistry. 7.Identify the structure and function of a DNA molecule. 8.Define and then develop a scientific experiment by proposing a hypothesis & identify the dependent and independent variables & identify the experimental and control groups & standardize the experiment & interpret the data and present them using a graph.