Class Project Report, May 2003 ME/CE 449 Sustainable Air Quality Causality of US Sulfur Production and Emission Trends By James Agan, Kate Miller, Cat Reid, Jason Reynolds Instructor Rudolf B. Husar Washington University, St. Louis, MO

Instructions Alan: 3, 6, 10, 11, 12 Kate: Cat: 4, 5, 14, 15, 16 Jason:7, 8, 9, 13, 24 For each slide, add a very concise but informative description; 2-3 bullets It should contain key facts or observations Enter these under the slide in the ‘speakers note’

Population - Energy/Goods Consumption– Materials Flow - Emissions E k =  c jk EM j =   b ij c jk GE i =    a i b ij c jk P Industr. Energy Transp. Energy ResCom.Engy Coal Oil GasElectric Energy SOx NOx HC PM Goods &Energy,(GE) iFuels&Mater.(FM), j Emission (EM), k Ind. Chemicals Industr. Goods Pop., P Metals Mercury a i Consump./Person b ij Fuels/Energy c jk Emission/Fuel- jjiiij Consumption of Goods and Energy:GE =  a i P Fuels and Materials Flow:FM =   a i b ij P Emission of Pollutants:EM =    a i b ij c jk P Industrial Prod. Transportation ResComercial EconMeasure(EM)

US Population Trends

Regional Population Projections Cat, place here a regional trend relative to 1995 to see regional growth rates Use this map to show regions

National Income by Industry Group/Person Fraction of Total Income Trend by Ind. Group 1970 = 1

Coal Production and S Content The high concentration of sulfur is found in the eastern coal mined in the US. Significant coal production is in the west with a much lower sulfur concentration, allowing for less sulfur pollution without decreasing consumption.

Sulfur Transfer by Fuels and Minerals: Theory An understanding of the flow of sulfur is paramount in moving toward sustainability. Know how much is produce, how much flows to the consumer, and how much makes it to the receptors provides a way to monitor and catch the sulfur before it makes it into the atmosphere, water, soil and etc.

Coal Sulfur Flow in 1980 and 1998 They coal sulfur flow was very dense in the 1980, mainly because sulfur retention was very poor. Rounding the turn of the century sulfur recovery had greatly improve reducing the flow of sulfur. Also legislation had put restrictions on the amount of sulfur that any establishment could produce decreasing the amount of sulfur able to flow.

US Coal Production by Region Coal production in the US occurred over five major producing regions. The coal production over the eastern US has remained roughly constant throughout the century. The sharp increase since the 1980s is due to the addition of western coal.

Trend of Average Coal S Content

Flue Gas Desulfurisation (FGD) of El. Util. Coal

Sulfur Recovery Nature recycles the its sulfur, thus reaching a sustainable level for life. Man has not reached a sustainable level for sulfur, because the amount recovered has not been good in past years. The amounts recovered has drastically changed over the year especially in some sulfur producing processes moving us to sustainability.

Sulfur Flow Diagram (Tentative) Mineral MiningProductionConsumption AirLandWater S Stocks Exp/Imp Raw Fuel MiningRefiningCombustion Minerals Flow for Goods Metals, Frasch, Pyrites Fuels Flow for Energy Coal, Oil, Gas Exp/Imp Proc Ex/Im RawEx/Im Processed Exp/Imp Air Ex/Im Water S as PollutionS as Goods

US Industrial Sulfur: Supply and Demand Trend US S Budget S Stocks Exp/Imp US S Supply US S Demand Source

Total S Mobilized and Recovered Mobilized in Fuels Mobilized in Minerals Recovered from Fuels & Min.

SOx Emission Trend By Industry Group and by Fuel/Material

Electric Utility

Industria l

Commercial-Residential

Metals Processing

Transportation

SOX Emission Factors for Industry Groups

Sox Emission Scenario: National average moved from 2% about 1% since 1980 Cause: A mix of western coal (.5% sulfur) and Eastern coal (2% sulfur) If trend continues the national average will be.5% thus half of the quantity produced today