Nervous System. -Central Nervous System -Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Peripheral Ganglia Division of the nervous.

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Presentation transcript:

Nervous System

-Central Nervous System -Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Peripheral Ganglia Division of the nervous system

-Central Nervous System -Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Peripheral Ganglia Division of the nervous system

Central Nervous System (CNS) 7 Main Parts of the CNS Spinal Cord Medulla oblongata Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Diencephalon Cerebrum

Directions in the nervous system - Axes Orientation Axes in the brain Rostral-Caudal (front-back)  anterior-posterior Dorsal-Ventral (up – down) Lateral-Medial (sideways – mid)

Directions in the nervous system - Planes

Maturation of the CNS Brain weight at birth: 400 g At 2 years ~ 1000 g Adult ~1500 g Maturation is mostly based on differentiation of nerve- cell connectivty

Nerve cells (neurons)

Sketch of a neuron Nucleus Dendrites Myelin Axons Dendrites -- Input Cell body (soma) -- Integration Axon -- Output

Structure of neurons - Dendrites At dendrites, the neurons recieve input via axons of other neurons at synapses dendritic spine

Structure of neurons - Soma In the soma of the cells, the cell nucleus is located (containing the DNA, i.e. genetic code); the synthesis of the proteins (within ribosomes and endoplasmatic reticulum) as well as energy production (mitochondria) are performed.

Structure of neurons - Axon The axon transmits the information electrically from the soma to the synapses – it is surrounded by myelin that insulate the axon, provided by oligodendrocytes (glial cells)

Sketch of a neuron Nucleus Dendrites Myelin Axons Dendrites -- Input Cell body (soma) – Integration; protein production, genes, energy production Axon -- Output

Electrical properties of neurons The cell membrane isolates the intracellular from extracellular space extracellular intracellular

Electrical properties of neurons The membrane potential In the resting state, the intracellular space contains more negative ions than the extracellular space extracellular intracellular difference of -70 mV

Ion channels connect the intra- and extracellular space Opening of ion channels lead to a flux of ions through the membrane and to a change of the membrane potential

Different types of ion channels

The action potential The action potential is generated by ion flux through voltage gated channels All or nothing principle!!

Propagation of the action potential

Synapse – Communication between neurons

Presynaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter Released transmitter Transmitter binds to receptor Na + Transmitter- Resorption from synaptic cleft Synapse – Communication between neurons

Animasi

Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses Depending on the neurotransmitter and the receptor, the postsynaptic potential can be excitatory or inhibitory Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Important Neurotransmitters Dopamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Serotonine Glycine GABA Glutamate

Two forms of integration of information

EPSC at dendrite can lead to action potential

Effect of inhibition on excitation

Glial cells astrocytes oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes Astrocytes connect the extraneuronal space with the blood vessels

Oligodendrocytes Oligodendrocytes sheat the axons of the neurons to increase conductance of action potential

Summary neuronal communication intracellular electrical transmission of information (action potential) neurons communicate via biochemical transmission (neurotransmitters and receptors) integration of information in neurons by means of spatial and temporal summation