GPS Standard: SB4. Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystem a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems and biomes

Ecology: Ecological Relationships Identify relationships among components in an ecosystem Relate adaptations to the survival of organisms Explain the adaptations of an organism that enable the organism to be successful within an ecosystem Relate the stages of succession to changes in an ecosystem after a natural disaster

Biotic – living factors in an ecosystem –Grass, trees, animals, insects Abiotic – nonliving factors in an ecosystem –Rocks, soil, water, air, minerals Abiotic factors often determine the Biotic factors in a community

Organism Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Biome

A single individual of a particular species What defines a group as a species?

Organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring = _____________ SPECIES

EX: Horse X donkey = mule 64 chromosomes62 chromosomes63 chromosomes Horses and donkeys are different species. If you breed them, the result is a mule which can NOT have offspring!

A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place. Population

Community A collection of interacting populations.

Ecosystem A community and all of the physical surroundings, or abiotic factors, that affect that community.

Biome Group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar climax communities.

The scientific study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment = ______________ The portion of the planet in which all life exists = _________________ (includes land, water, atmosphere) ECOLOGY BIOSPHERE Extends from about 8 km above the Earth’s surface to 11 km below the ocean’s surface

Every organism in an Ecosystem has a job or role. It’s NICHE. The place where an organism lives is its HABITAT

HABITAT vs NICHE? Habitat is like an organism ’ s ____________ Niche is like an organism ’ s ______________ address OCCUPATION

Section 2.2 GPS Standard: SB4. Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystem b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by *Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow * Comparing the quantity of energy in thesteps of an energy pyramid

Ecology: Transfer of Matter and Energy Recognize the role of an organism within a food chain or food web Analyze the transfer of energy and matter through an ecosystem Explain the concept of an ecosystem in terms of its components and the flow of matter and energy through the system Construct food chains and webs, based on the position of an organism within an ecosystem

The Earth is SOLAR POWERED! _____________ is the main source of energy for life on Earth. SUNLIGHT ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY

AUTOTROPHS = PRODUCERS Can make their own food Most autotrophs use _______________ to capture solar energy Main producers on land = green plants In water = algae BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 PHOTOSYNTHESIS ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY

HETEROTROPHS = ____________ Get energy from consuming other organisms CONSUMERS

HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS ________________ = eat only plants ________________ = eat only animals ________________ = eat both plants & animals HERBIVORES CARNIVORES OMNIVORES

HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS ________________ = feed on plant & animal remains EX: mites, earthworms, snails, crabs ________________ = break down and absorb organic matter EX: bacteria & fungi DETRITIVORES DECOMPOSERS

Energy flows through an ecosystem in a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by being eaten ________________ _________________ = _________________ PRODUCERS (Autotrophs) CONSUMERS (Heterotrophs) ↑ ↑ FOOD CHAIN

Energy Flow in An Ecosystem Food chain – chain of energy movement from organism to organism **Arrows show the flow of energy

In most ecosystems feeding relationships are more complex A ______________ links ALL the food chains in an ecosystem together. FOOD WEB Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

Each step in a food chain or web = _______________ ______________ ALWAYS make up the ________ trophic level. TROPHIC LEVEL PRODUCERS FIRST

Lower levels must be bigger to support the level above. Only about_____ of the energy from each level is passed on. 10%

Some energy is used for life processes such as growth, development, movement, metabolism, transport, and reproduction. The rest is lost as ________ HEAT

Cut out your organisms. Organize them into a food web on your piece of construction paper. Check your web with me before you glue it. Label trophic levels, producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers. Draw arrows to show the flow of energy. Label each consumer as carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, or scavenger. You must have at least one omnivore in your web. When you finish work on the worksheet from yesterday that is due today..

Symbiosis – the interactions of organisms in an ecosystem –Predator/Prey – one kills and one is eaten –Commensalism – one benefits,one is not affected. –Mutualism – both benefits –Parasitism – one benefits and one is harmed –Competition – when two or more organisms use one resource