Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things UNIT 1 Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things Chapter 1: Cells and More Cells Chapter 2: Plants: From Cells to Systems Chapter 3: Animals: From Cells to Systems

CHAPTER 1 Cells and More Cells In this chapter you will investigate the: similarities and differences between plant and animal cells stages of mitosis and its importance for growth and repair stages of the cell cycle and how it relates to cancer process of cell division in normal and abnormal cells Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

1.1 Studying the Structure of Cells (Page 7) The development of the microscope in the 1660s increased our understanding of the human body and led to the discovery of cells. Cell – the smallest unit that can perform the functions of life Microscopy – the science of using microscopes to view samples or objects Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Microscopy Review the parts of a microscope and their functions (Pages 546-547) Microscope Animation the parts of a microscope and their functions microscope use slide preparation how to determine the field of view and magnification how to draw to scale and label scientific diagrams of specimens Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Bright field/ Dark field Transmission Electron Types of Microscopes (Pages 8-9) Leeuwenhoek Bright field/ Dark field Fluorescence Transmission Electron Phase-contrast Scanning Electron Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Cell Structure (Page 10) One of the first structures to be seen clearly through a microscope was the nucleus. The nucleus is the organelle that controls the cell’s activities. Organelles are specialized structures within a cell. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

The Cell Theory 2. The cell is the basic organizational unit of life. (Page 11) The Cell Theory was proposed by German scientists in the late 1830s. Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden used their studies of plants and animals to formulate the first two ideas. In 1855 Rudolph Virchow added the final one. The theory states that: 1. All living organisms are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic organizational unit of life. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Animal and Plant Cell Organelles (Pages 12-13) Animal Cells Plant Cells The cytosol (the fluid material between the cell membrane and the nucleus) is filled with many specialized organelles. There are some important differences between the organelles found in plant and animal cells. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Animal and Plant Cell Organelles (Pages 12-13) Click the “Start” button to review the various organelles in animal and plant cells and their functions. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

All Cells Use Energy (Page 14) Cellular Respiration – a process that releases energy from organic molecules, especially carbohydrates such as glucose, in the presence of oxygen Mitochondria – the site in animal and plant cells where cellular respiration takes place Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Concepts to be reviewed: Section 1.1 Review (Page 15) Concepts to be reviewed: types of microscopes and their use cell structure The Cell Theory similarities and differences between plant and animal cells cellular respiration Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

1.2 Genes: Answers and Questions (Page 16) Chromosome – a thread-like structure made mostly of DNA, found in the nucleus of a cell DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – material found in the cell nucleus that contains genetic information Gene – a segment of DNA that controls protein production Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://genomics.energy.gov Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Genes Direct Protein Production (Page 17) Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://genomics.energy.gov Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Genes Direct Protein Production (Page 17) http://genomics.energy.gov Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

The DNA Code (Pages 17-18) In 1953 scientists James Watson and Francis Crick created this model of DNA (the twisted ladder design is sometimes called a “double helix”). Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

DNA Screening (Pages 19-20) A karyotype is a micrograph of the chromosomes in a person’s cells. Individual chromosomes from the karyotype can be mapped and then be examined for any irregularities. Karyotype Chromosome/Gene Map http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion//DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/karyotype.shtml http://genomics.energy.gov Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Issues Related to DNA Screening ( Pages 19-20 ) DNA testing can reveal genetic disorders (such as Down Syndrome, PKU, Huntington Disease) and can help determine how susceptible a person might be to ailments such as cancers and heart disease. The controversy related to genetic testing revolves around a variety of social issues. (family) - sensitive Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://genomics.energy.gov Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Altering Genes / Transgenic Organisms (Pages 22-23) Transgenic Organism – an organism whose genetic information has been altered with the insertion of genes from another species. These organisms are considered to be genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Possible Uses For GMOs Production of non-allergenic human proteins Development of pest resistant crops Increased growth of crops and livestock Concerns Spread of disease from GMOs Negative effects on ecosystems Allergic reactions from eating GMOs Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Cloning (Pages 24-25) Cloning – the process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism Pros and Cons of Cloning Pro: Copies are made of “superior” animals. (increased milk & meat production) Con: Clones may be less disease resistant Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Click the “Start” button to discover the details involved in cloning. (Pages 24-25) Click the “Start” button to discover the details involved in cloning. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Mutations Mutation – a change in the DNA of an organism ( Pages 26-27 ) Mutation – a change in the DNA of an organism Mutagen – a substance or factor that can cause a mutation in DNA. Examples: radiation (X-Rays, UV radiation), mercury, cigarette tar Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Concepts to be reviewed: Section 1.2 Review ( Page 28 ) Concepts to be reviewed: genetic material in the nucleus: DNA, chromosomes, and genes the structure of DNA DNA screening and related issues issues related to altering genes transgenic organisms cloning mutations Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.