— k]|dl;+x a:Goft, PhD

t:jL/df s]xL emnsx?

 of] k|:t'tLs/0f g]kfnL >f]tdf cfwfl/t 5.  k|:t'tLs/0fdf pNn]v ul/g] egfO{n] Oltxf;nfO{ lhjfGt agfpg] dfq xf]. ltJjtL z/0ffyL{ nufotnfO{ cgfbf/ ul/g] xf]Og.  k|:t'tLs/0fsf] ;a} cf+s8f / laj/0f k|:tf]tfsf] OR5faf6 vf]lhPsf x'g\. cGo ;+3 ;+:yf o;df hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}gg\. l;dLttf

k|:t'lts/0fsf] >f]t

ltJatsf bnfO{ nfdf efu]/ ef/t uPkl5 la=;+= -;g\ !*&!_ lt/ ltAatdf lrlgof+ sf/jfxL cem} a9\g uof] / ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf la/f]wL s]xL vDkfx? ltAataf6 efuL g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]u lxdfnL ;Ldfgf;+u hf]l8Psf lhNnfdf cfO a:g yfn]. pgLx?n] g]kfndf a;L ltAatLsf] kIfdf :jtGq ultlalw ;+~rfng ug{ ;'? u/]. of] sfo{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o gLltcg's"n gePsf] x'+bf g]kfnn] tL vDkfx?nfO{ ;}lgs sf/jfxL ubf{ s]xL JolQm d/], s]xL JolQm efu], s]xL JolQmn] xft xltof/;lxt cfTd;dk{0f u/]. o;}nfO{ vDkfsf08sf] gfdn] lrlgG5. s] xf] vDkf sf08 <

Nxf;fsf] ljG6/ Kofn]; cyf{t kf]tfnf b/af/d'lGt/sf] ;/sf/L 5fkfvfgfdf a;]sf] a}7sn] ltAat :jtGq b]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub}{ lrlgof+x?nfO{ tTsfn ltAat 5f]8\g pbL{ hf/L u/\of]. tgfj a9\b} hf+bf !^ dfr{ !(%( df s]xL cg'ofoL;lxt bnfO{ nfdf l;kfxLsf] e]ifdf ltAat 5f]8]/ ef/t z/0f lng k'u]. la8Dagf ltAatsf] Tof] tgfj g]kfn / g]kfnLn] eg] To;kl5sf !$ aif{;Dd vDkf lab|f]xsf ?kdf em]Ng'k¥of]. g]kfndf vDkf kmf}h ;+ul7t x'g'sf] k[i7e"ld

tfKn]h'ªb]lv bfr'{nf;Dd rLgla?4 rnfPsf] c;kmn ;+3if{ lyof] —vDkf lab|f]x. cd]l/sf / ef/tsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt lab|f]x bjfpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ c;lhnf] k/]sf] lyof]. cd]l/sL u'Ktr/ ;+:yf ;LcfOPn] $) aif{kl5 ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] cfkm\gf] u'Kt of]hgfsf] ;+If]knfO{ p4[t ub]{ !% ;]K6]Da/ !((* sf] n; PGhN; 6fO{D;df n]lvPcg';f/ g]kfn k7fOPsf ltAatL u'l/Nnfx?nfO{ tflnd lbg sf]nf]/f8f] /fHodf ;LcfOPn] ltAatLog xfpg g} agfPsf] lyof]. ;g !(%& af6} ;'? ePsf] of] l;nl;nf emG8} Ps bzs;Dd rNof]. g]kfndf vDkf kmf}h ;+ul7t x'g'sf] k[i7e"ld

cd]l/sL u'Ktrt/ ;+:yf ;LcfO{Pn] cGo vDkf lab|f]xLnfO{ tflnd lbg ef/tLo u'Ktr/ ;+:yfx? OG6]lnh]G; Jo'/f] - cfO{jL_ / kl5 …/Ú ;+u ldn]/ ef/t, b]x/fb'gsf] rqmftf eGg] :yfgdf klg ……:6flAn;d]G6 k|lzIf0f lzlj/ ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof]. bnfO{ nfdf / g]kfndf kl/rflnt vDkfx?nfO{ tflnd / xftxltof/sf cnfjf cGo vr{sf nflu ;LcfOPn] x/]s aif{ !& nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ lbg] u/]sf] lyof]. h'g ;xof]u ;g\ df l/r8{ lgS;g cd]l/sL /fi6«klt ag]kl5 aGb ul/of]. ;xof]u

vDkf n8fs'x?sf] g]kfn k|j]z ;g\ !(^) sf] cGTolt/ ePsf] a'lemG5. klxnf] d'Vo vDkf sdf08/ u] lx:;L lyP. ef/tsf] /S;f}n gfsfaf6 g]kfn lelqg nfu]sf lx:;L;lxtsf ;o vDkfnfO{ aL/uGhsf tTsfnLg a8fxflsd k"0f{l;+x vjf;n] ;]gf / k|x/L4f/f lgoGq0fdf lnPsf lyP. t/, tTsfnLg g]kfnL sf+u]|; ;/sf/sf u[xdGqL ;'o{k|;fb pkfWofosf] cfb]zadf]lhd pgLx?nfO{ l/xf ul/of]. pkfWofon] ef/tsf] cfu|xdf g]kfn k|a]zdf 5'6 lbPsfn] ltAatL z/0ffyL{sf] cf]O/f] nfu]sf] lyof]. ;g\ !(^! ;Dd t tL tflndk|fKt lab|f]xLx? g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]udf k"0f{ ?kdf km}lnO;s]sf lyP. ;xof]u===

;'?df vDkf lab|f]xLx?sf] ;+Vof xhf/ /x] klg To;sf] b'O{ tLg aif{d} Tof] a9]/ sl/a !) xhf/ k'u]sf] lyof]. tL vDkfx?sf nflu cfjZos cTofw'lgs xltof/, vfBfGg ;fdu|L, ;LcfOP / …/Ú n] oyf:yfgd} k'¥ofp+y]. tL ;fdfu|Lx? vf;u/L d':tfªsf] of/km', 6f+u]e' / k"j{sf cfnfªr'ªuf]nfsf] ofªdf v;flnGy]. o; cltl/Qm xltof/ 9'jfgLsf nflu ;LcfO{Pn] /fhwfgLsf] :o'rf6f/ / /;'jfsf] yfDa'r]tdf cnUu} ladfg:yn;d]t agfPsf] lyof]. oL If]qdf xltof/ cf];fg{sf nflu yfONofG8sf] Jofª\ssl:yt cd]l/sL ;}Go cv8faf6 leotgfd o'4tfsf ;LcfO{Pn] hf;';L k|of]hgsf nflu :yfkgf u/]sf] Po/ cd]l/sfsf ladfgx? kl/rfng ul/Gy]. ;xof]u===

rLg —ef/t o'4 -;g\ df ef/tsf] xf/ ePb]lvg} ef/tn] ltAatLx?nfO{ rLgla?4 k|of]u ug{ d2t ul//x]sf] lyof] eg] ;f]leot ;+3sf] a9\bf] zlQmaf6 ql;t sDo'lgHd 5fnnfO{ /f]Sg] k|of;nfO{ afwf ug]{ p2]Zon], ;g\ !(&! af6 cd]l/sfn] klg rLgla?4 k|of]u ug{ vDkfnfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ lyof]. ef/t / cd]l/sL efjgf

vDkfx?n] g]kfnL e"lddf klg HofbtL ub}{ lyP. cfw'lgs xltof/n] ;';lHht vDkfx? pQ/L ;Ldfdf cjl:yt g]kfnL clwsf/Lsf sfof{nodf cfP/ laleGg pbL{ hf/L uy]{ / To; a]nfsf k|zf;sx? pgLx?sf] cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug{ afWo x'Gy]. x'+bfx'+bf rLgla?4 ;+3if{/t vDkfx?n] pQ/L ;Ldfdf /x]sf g]kfnsf lhNnf;d]t cfkm\gf] /x]sf] bfjL ug{ yfn]. tL If]qdf cfkm\gf em08fsf ;fy} /fi6«kltsf ?kdf bnfO{ nfdfsf] tl:a/ em'08\ofp+y]. olt x'+bf x'+b} klg :yfgLo ;/sf/ eg] df}g a;]sf] lyof]. g]kfndf cft+s

vDkfx?sf lqmofsnfkaf/] rLg / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;Demf}tf vDkfx?sf lqmofsnfkaf/] rLg / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;Demf}tf lgjf{l;t ltAatLx? a]nf a]nfdf ltAatL e"lddf hfg] / Toxfsf rf}/L, ofs / e]8f dfg]{, vfg], n'6kf6 dRrfp+g], k;n hnfpg], dflg; dfg]{, anfTsf/ ug]{ cflb sfo{ kmf6\6km'6\6 ul//x]sf lyP. To;avt rLg ;/sf/n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ kqfrf/ u¥of]. b'a} ;/sf/aLr vDkf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ ;Demf}tf eof]. ;Demf}tfdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx? ;dfa]z ul/Psf] a'lemPsf] 5 M l;dfgfdf /x]sf] vDkfx?nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ rLgnfO{ g]kfn k|a]z ug{ lbg] jf glbg] < g]kfnn] g} vDkf lgd"{n kfg]{ eP cfjZos ;xof]u rLg ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{ lgjf{l;t ltAatLx? a]nf a]nfdf ltAatL e"lddf hfg] / Toxfsf rf}/L, ofs / e]8f dfg]{, vfg], n'6kf6 dRrfp+g], k;n hnfpg], dflg; dfg]{, anfTsf/ ug]{ cflb sfo{ kmf6\6km'6\6 ul//x]sf lyP. To;avt rLg ;/sf/n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ kqfrf/ u¥of]. b'a} ;/sf/aLr vDkf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ ;Demf}tf eof]. ;Demf}tfdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx? ;dfa]z ul/Psf] a'lemPsf] 5 M l;dfgfdf /x]sf] vDkfx?nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ rLgnfO{ g]kfn k|a]z ug{ lbg] jf glbg] < g]kfnn] g} vDkf lgd"{n kfg]{ eP cfjZos ;xof]u rLg ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{

of] ;Demf}tf ePkl5 >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] of]hgf / tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt >L l;+xaxfb'/ a:Goftsf] cfb]zadf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 vj/ ;+sng -l/sg;]G;_ ug{ t'?Gt} Pp6f …l/sg;]G; l6dÚ d':tfªtkm{ lx8\of]. ;f] l6ddf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] tkm{af6 tTsfnLg k|=;]=-kl5 k|wfg;]gfklt_ >L ;lTrt zD;]/ h=a=/f=sf ;fy cGo b'O{ clws[t s];fªtkm{ d'e ePsf] lyof]. pQm 6f]nLn] vDkf SofDkx?sf] ultlalw a'em]/ k|lta]bg k]z u/]sf] lyof]. vDkfx?sf lqmofsnfkaf/] rLg / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;Demf}tf

k|ltj]bgsf df]6fdf]6L a'+bfx?  vDkf lxdfn gf3]/ ltAataf6 cfO{ laleGg :yfgdf sl/j ( xhf/ hlt a;]sf.  pgLx?;+u k|z:t xltof/, uf]nL u7\7f / PS:Knf]l;ex? ePsf].  pgLx?sf] d'Vo x]8Sjf6/ lgnlu/L lxdfnsf] km]bLdf s];fª SofDk /x]sf].  u]—jfªbL gfd u/]sf] JolQm vDkfsf] d'Vo g]tf - ln8/_ ePsf].  cGo vDkf SofDkM sfua]gL, l7gL, 5';fª, ;d/ lwlnª, wdL, ;fDbf, r/fª, tfªu]Eo', kfªuRof, dgfª, d'lQmgfy cflb :yfgdf SofDk v8f u/L a;]sf.  pgLx?n] ltAat / g]kfnsf laleGg 7fp+df n'6kf6 dRofPsfn] hgtf Hofb} ql;t ePsf, cflb.

vDkfn] g]kfndf cfGbf]ng ugf{sf sf/0fx?  d':tfª lhNnf cfkm\gf] sAhf lng] / u'l/Nnf a]; agfO{ cft+sjfbaf6 rLgnfO{ xtf]T;flxt t'Nofpg] tyf rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAatnfO{ k'gM cfkm\gf] sAhfdf kfg]{.  g]kfnn] vDkfx?nfO{ lgz:qLs/0f u/fpg] sbd rfn]df g]kfnla?4 lab|f]x ug]{. -kl5 g]kfnL ;]gfn] sf/jfxL ub}{5 eGg] yfxf kfP/ :yfgLo hgtfsf] egfOcg';f/ bnfO{ nfdfn] g]kfn;+u n8\g cfkm\gf] ;Daf]wg;lxt 6]k e/]/ vDkfx?nfO{ k7fPsf lyP. tfklg slt vDkfx?n] g]kfnL ;]gf;+u n8\g'eGbf cfTd;dk{0f ug'{ g} 7Ls 7fg]sf lyP _

vDkf lgz:qLs/0fsf nflu g]kfnL ;]gfsf] of]hgf /fhf aL/]Gb|sf] kxntf / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cfb]zaf6 d':tfªdf ePsf vDkfx?nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ lgz:qLs/0f u/fO{ ltgLx?nfO{ kf]v/f cf;kf;df Nofpg] / pQm e]utkm{ hfg lgif]w ug]{ cfb]z ePsf] lyof]. ;f]xLcg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfgsf] lglDt s]xL kN6gnfO{ g]kfnL h+uLc8\8faf6 tof/ ug{sf ;fn cfiff9 ! ut] kf]v/ftkm{ d'e u/fOof]. vDkf lgz:qLs/0f ck/]zgdf sfd ug{ d'Vo ?kdf efu lng] o'lg6 >Lgfy u0f lyof]. vDkf ck]|;g–d':tfª k|mG6

;f] u0fsf] g]t[Tj tTsfnLg n]lkm\6g]G6 s0f]{n >L ;lTrtzdz]/ h=a=/f=n] ug'{ePsf] lyof]. ;f] u0f nufot pQm ck/]zgdf efu lng] o'lg6 lgDg cg';f/ lyP M – >L >Lgfy u0f -d'Vo kmf}h_ – >L e}/jgfy u0f – >L u0f]zbn u0f – >L OGb|Wjh u'Nd – >L rGbggfy u'Nd– >L /fhbn u0f – >L sfnLk|;fb u0f– >L kmi6 /}kmn u0f – >L clx|bdg u'Nd vDkf ck]|;g — d':tfª k|mG6===

u]—jfªubLnfO{ xltof/ a'emfpg cfb]z s];fªdf o;/L laleGg kmf}hnfO{ t}gfy ul/;s]kl5 vDkfsf gfOs] u]—jfªubLnfO{ xltof/ a'emfpg] / cfTd;dk{0f ug]{, olb gug]{ xf] eg] g]kfnL ;]gf sf/jfxL ug{ tof/ 5' egL kq k7fPkl5 vDkfsf gfOs] u]— jfªubLn] xfdL xltof/ a'emfO{ cfGd;dk{0f ug{ tof/ 5f} egL kqaf6 hjfkm lbP. xltof/ a'emfpg] ;fn ;fpg % ut]af6 ;'? ug]{ elgPsf]df vdkfx?n] g} yk ;do dfuL ;fpg !! ut] a'emfpg] lgwf] eof]. cem} klg vDkfn] ;do yk dfUof] / ;fpg !^ ut] h] ;a} xltof/ a'emfpg] dGh'/L eof]. xltof/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg ef/taf6 bnfO{ nfdfn] 6]k /]s8{ u/]/ cfb]z k7fPsf lyP eGg] klg a'lemG5.

@)#! ;fn >fj0f !& ut], s];fª SofDk vfgtnf;L ubf{ hldgd'lg ufl8 /flvPsf laleGg xltof/, PDo'lgzg a/fdb u/L hf]d;f]dl:yt g+= # aflxgL d'Vofnodf NofO{ a'emfOof]. ef]lnkN6 ;Dk"0f{ ;]gf d'e eO{ 5';fª, / ;d/ SofDk s8{g / ;r{ sfo{ k"/f u¥of]. To;kl5 qmdzM lwlnª, wlddf ;r{ eof] / vDkf gfOs] u]—jfªubLnfO{ 3]/fdf kfg{ g;sL pDs]. To;kl5 aflxgLkltnfO{ k|lta]bg u/L s] ug]{ egL lgb]{zg dfUbf aflxgLkltn] gdfg]{, gy'Gg] eGg] cfb]z lbg'ePsf] a'lemof]. p;sf] SofDksf] xltof/, uf]nLu7\7f cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lnOof]. ;f]xL !& ut]s} a]n'sL ( ah] /flt k'gM u]—jfªubLnfO{ g5f]8\g] cfb]z eof]. t/ gfOs] u]—jfªubL s8{g PG8 ;r{ ug'{cl3 g} efUg ;kmn eO;s]sfn] csf]{ ;d:of ylkof]. 3]/f / tnf;L

@)#! ;fn >fj0f !^ ut]b]lv ut];Dd vDkfx?sf] vfgtnf;L ubf{ lgDgadf]lhd xltof/ tyf ;fdfgx? a/fdb ePsf] lyof] M  /fOkmn gfn ========================%$#  a]|gug gfn =========================&%  :6]g ug gfn =======================#%  k]:tf]n gfn ========================== !^  ^) ld=ld= df]6f{/ gfn ===========*  %& ld=ld= cf/=l;=Pn=gfn=======&  ^) ld=ld= sf] ad yfg ==========#*%  % ld=ld= sf] ad yfg  jfo/n]; ;]6 yfg ================= %  ;a} lsl;dsf uf]nLx? ;fdfg a/fdb

vDkf gfOs] u]—jfªubL km/f/ vDkf gfOs] u]—jfªubLn] s];f+u SofDkdf a:g' pko'Qm 5}g eGg] 7fgL cfkm\gf] %)—^) hgfsf] hTyf;lxt xltof/ / nfvf}+ ?k}of+ lnP/ klZrdtkm{sf] 5fsf{ef]6, lkm08'kf;, ;]kmf]S;'08f], lgzfg, d'u', l;ldsf]6 of/L, l69\8/lnk'sf] af6f] x'+b} ef/tleq k:g] of]hgf agfO{ af6f] nfu].

s};fªaf6 u]—jfªubL efu]kl5 g]kfnu~hdf /x]sf] >L g+= $ aflxgLcGtu{t ePsf] ck/]zg o'4sfo{ lgb]{zsaf6 jflg{ª c8{/ hf/L ePkl5 efb| !% ut] ;'? P]= c;f]h !& ut] ;dfKt ePsf] lyof]. g]kfnu~haf6 a}t8Ldf la|u]8 6\oflS6sn x]8Sjf6/ v8f u/L >L g++= $ aflxgLklt a[u]l8o/ hg/n >L cflbTozDz]/ h=a=/f=n] ck/]zg ;+rfng ug'{eof]. of] ck/]zg ;+rfng ug{sf nflu efb| !( ut] kmi6 /}kmn u0f, clx|bdg u'Nd, rGbggfy u'Nd, Hjfnfbn u'Ndaf6 kmf}hx? kl/rfng ul/of]. k|x/Lsf hjfg vDkf ck/]zg l6ªs/ k|mG6===

ut] kmf}hsf] t}gfyL lgDg cg';f/ lyof] M  sfjfdfnfdf #) hgf -g]kfnL ;]gf_  l6ªs/ ufp+!) hgf -g]kfnL ;]gf_ / s]xL k|x/Lsf hjfgx?  hgf -g]kfnL ;]gf_  hgf g]kfn k|x/Lsf hjfg vDkf ck/]zg l6ªs/ k|mG6===

lnk'sf] sf/jfxL ut] lnk' e~Hofªsf] tnaf6 3f]8f, vRr8;lxtsf] vDkfx?sf] ;d"x cfO/x]sf] b]lvPsf] x'gfn] PDa';sf] tof/L ul/of]. ha vDkfx?sf] tftL - sf]nd_ PDa'; Onfsfdf k|a]z u¥of], pgLx?dfly kmfo/ vf]lnof]. o; kmfo/df jfªubL;lxt ^ hgf vDkfx? dfl/P / 3fOt] vDkfx? kqmfp ul/P. o; kmfo/af6 s]xL 3f]8f tyf vRr8x? klg dfl/P. kmfo/ vf]Ng]lalQs} cufl8 a9L/x]sf] vDkfx?sf] kmf}hn] PDa';df k/]sf] yfxf kfP / ltgLx?n] klg ;fgf tyf d2tL xltof/ - cf/=l;=Pn= / df]6{/_ af6 kmfo/ ug{ ;'? u/].

lnk'sf ] sf/jfxL lbge/ Jnlsª kmf}h / jLy8«n ul//x]sf] vDkfx?sf aLr bf]xf]/f] kmfo/ eof]. a]n'sLkv vDkfx?n] kmfo/ PG8 d'e ub}{ Jnlsª Onfsf lnk'af6 k5fl8 x6L lrlgof+ e"ld x'+b} ef/t k|a]z u¥of]. 36gfsf] csf]{ lbg 36gf:yn j/k/ vf]htnf; sf/jfxL ;~rfng ul/of], h;af6 s]xL gub, d'tL{, un}rf, xltof/ tyf s]xL uf]nL u7\7fx? k|fKt eof].

l6ªs/ ck/]zgsf] bf}/fg a/fdb ul/Psf xltof/ tyf PDo'lgzg :jrflnt /fOkmn 6]ln:sf]k;lxt gfn ============^ :jrflnt /fOkmnsf] /fp08 uf]6f a]|gug gfn ============================= ================= $ a]|gug DoflUhg uf]6f =========================== =====! %& ld=ld= cf/=l;=Pn= ug gfn ==================! xfO{kfj/ k]:tf]n gfn =========================== =====# u[g]8 uf]6f ============================= ==================^ ( ld=ld= /fp08 uf]6f ============================= ====$%*

 g]kfnL ;]gfM hgf xfO clN6Ro'8 l;sg]; / ! hgf eL/af6 n8]/_  vDkf M ( hgf -^ hgf ;}lgs sf/jfxLdf / # hgf cfTdxTof_ d[To' x'g] ;+Vof

t:jL/df s]xL emnsx?