Urine analysis By Ahmed M. S. Al Afifi (M. Sc. of Microbiology) 2009

Physical examination of urine 1- Color or urine

Pale yellow, Yellow, and Dark yellow color

Dark yellow sample

Bloody urine sample

Smoky urine

Orange urine

2- Aspect of urine

Clear

Turbid

Hazy

Specific gravity S.G by stripS.G by urinometer

Chemical analysis of urine

Detection of protein in urine by SSA Negative Positive

Detection of bilirubin in urine

Centrifugation of urine

Reading the sediment under microscope

RBCs in urine

WBCs in urine LPF HPF

WBCs in clumps

epithelial cells

Crystals in urine

Calcium oxalate

Triple phosphate

uric acid crystal

amonium biurate

Amorphous urate

Amorphous phosphate

Tyrosine crystal

Cholestrol crystal

Leucine crystal

Bilirubine crystal

Hemosiderines and hemosiderines containing cast

Calcium phosphates

Calcium carbonates

Calcium sulfates

Ampicillin crystals

cystine

Types of casts in urine

Hyaline cast

RBCs cast

Granular cast

WBCs cast

Bilirubin cast

Waxy cast

Fatty casts

Cellular casts

Others

Budding yeast

Bacteria in urine

Sperms in urine

Contaminated urine sample Stool material in urine sample

Parasites in urine sample E. histolytica Trichomonas vaginales Schestosoma hematopium

Artifacts in urine

Cloth Fibers Glove Powder Hair/fibers Air Bubbles Lipid DropletsPollen grains

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