The Civil Rights Era Woolworth sit-In, North Carolina, 1960 Woolworth sit-In, Mississippi, 1963

Jim Crow Laws Restricted marriage, voting, and working rights

Civil Rights under President Eisenhower Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” --Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren

Southern Reaction Against Brown v. Board of Education 80% of White southerners opposed ruling KKK Revival De-segregation not enforced

Little Rock 9, 1957 Central Rock High School, Little Rock, Arkansas Governor Faubus had National Guard block entrance Eisenhower sent 1,000 paratroopers to protect the 9 students

Watch PBS documentary “Eyes on the Prize” from 5:52 – 30:00

Montgomery Bus Boycott, Dec – Dec ,000 African American daily bus riders in Montgomery, Alabama Rosa Parks, NAACP member Dr. Martin Luther King led bus boycott Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation

Civil Rights Under JFK Birmingham/ Bombingham, 1963 Police Commissioner “Bull” Conner

Dr. King’s March on Washington Intended to pressure JFK, 1963

Civil Rights Under LBJ LBJ promoted the Civil Rights Act as a legacy to honor assassinated JFK

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Ended legal segregation Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Did not address voting rights

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Ended literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses Registered black voters in the South increased by 2 million

Civil Rights After 1964

Black Power Movement Rejected Dr. King’s slow- paced nonviolence & rejected white cooperation Black Power philosophy influenced by Malcolm X Stokely Carmichael

Malcolm X Converted to Nation of Islam in jail Based in the Northern U.S. Broke with Elijah Muhammad upon return from Mecca Killed on February 21, 1965

Black Panthers Founded in California, 1966

Dr. King’s Assassination Assassinated in Memphis, April 4, 1968

Urban Riots, 1965 – 1970 Civil Rights Movement in the South raised expectations in Northern cities 1964 = Harlem, Rochester, Jersey City, Philadelphia 1965 = Watt’s Riot lasted 6 days, 34 dead, $40 million in damages 1966 = Chicago, Milwaukee, SF, Cleveland, Dayton TOTAL = 250 deaths, 10,000 injuries, 60,000 arrests

Chicano Civil Rights Movement Cesar Chavez organized migrant farm workers into unions 5 million migrant farm workers in U.S. in 1960s National Labor Relations Act of 1935 did not allow farm workers to join labor unions No minimum wage, no Social Security benefits Chavez used King and Gandhi’s strategy of nonviolence

Grape Boycott 1962: Chavez formed National Farm Workers/United Farm Workers 1965: First boycott of California’s grapes gained national attention to poor living conditions Chavez went on 25 day hunger strike 5 year boycott ended with U.F.W. contract in 1970

The Brown Berets March 1968: 10,000 students walked out of L.A high schools to protest poor education quality “Brown Berets” influenced Chicano Studies, Puerto Rican Studies departments in colleges Women discouraged from participating

The American Indian Movement 1960s & 1970s = 70% of Native Americans located on reservations 1968 = (AIM) American Indian Movement founded to create economic opportunities on reservations & stop police harassment

Capture of Alcatraz Island, = 78 AIM members captured former federal prison Alcatraz Island Treaty stated abandoned federal land belonged to Native Americans Occupation lasted 1.5 years until 1971