The Protestant Reformation Call for Church Reform

Vocabulary: Reformation: movement to reform the Catholic church; led to the creation of Protestantism Reformation: movement to reform the Catholic church; led to the creation of Protestantism Indulgence: reduced the Church’s punishment for a sin Indulgence: reduced the Church’s punishment for a sin

Vocabulary: Theology: the study of religion and God Theology: the study of religion and God Predestination: belief that no matter what a person does, the outcome of his or her life is already planned by God Predestination: belief that no matter what a person does, the outcome of his or her life is already planned by God

Martin Luther A young monk A young monk In 1517, he challenged the Roman Catholic Church In 1517, he challenged the Roman Catholic Church Said that the pope (head of the Catholic Church) couldn’t decide what a person had to do to get into heaven Said that the pope (head of the Catholic Church) couldn’t decide what a person had to do to get into heaven

Martin Luther continued Eventually, his challenge of the pope’s authority led to the creation of new churches in Western Europe Eventually, his challenge of the pope’s authority led to the creation of new churches in Western Europe At 1 st, he only wanted to reform (change) the church At 1 st, he only wanted to reform (change) the church This is why we call it these events “ The Reformation” This is why we call it these events “ The Reformation”

The Reformation Became the beginning of a movement known as “Protestantism” By the end of the Reformation, many new Christian churches had appeared in Europe

What Ideas led to the Reformation? Desiderius Eramus –W–W–W–Wrote that humans could use their reasoning skills to become better Christians & improve the church –W–W–W–Wanted even the farmers working in the field to stop and read the Bible

Desiderius Eramus – He wrote that what mattered was that people were good in their everyday lives – It was not good enough to just attend religious activities, like attending church on Sunday

Desiderius Eramus

Church Upsets Reformers: By the 1300’s, many thought the church had problems By the 1300’s, many thought the church had problems – Taxed people heavily – Some bishops behaved like they were kings: They built palaces They built palaces Spent money on fine art Spent money on fine art Made sure their relatives had good jobs Made sure their relatives had good jobs In many villages, priest could barely read or give a good sermon In many villages, priest could barely read or give a good sermon

Anger for the Church Many were upset with the Church’s focus on money Many were upset with the Church’s focus on money One Church practice that angered them were “indulgences” One Church practice that angered them were “indulgences” – Reduced the Church’s punishment for a sin – They had given out indulgences before but usually did not sell them

Indulgences In the 1500’s, the pope needed money to repair the church of St. Peter’s in Rome In the 1500’s, the pope needed money to repair the church of St. Peter’s in Rome He decided to sell indulgences to raise money He decided to sell indulgences to raise money

Sale The sale of indulgences enraged Martin Luther The sale of indulgences enraged Martin Luther Angry that church leaders allowed people to think this was a pardon for sin Angry that church leaders allowed people to think this was a pardon for sin Idea of selling God’s forgiveness seemed “unholy” to him Idea of selling God’s forgiveness seemed “unholy” to him Not the 1 st person to question the pope’s power Not the 1 st person to question the pope’s power

John Wycliffe English Priest, who as early as 1370’s, opposed Church policies English Priest, who as early as 1370’s, opposed Church policies Preached that Christians needed only to recognize Jesus as a power above them, not the pope Preached that Christians needed only to recognize Jesus as a power above them, not the pope Wycliffe & Luther both challenged the pope’s power but also both had a great respect for the Bible Wycliffe & Luther both challenged the pope’s power but also both had a great respect for the Bible

Wycliffe Wanted everyone to read the Bible Wanted everyone to read the Bible Translated many passages from Latin into English for his followers Translated many passages from Latin into English for his followers After his death, his followers finished the translating of the Bible. After his death, his followers finished the translating of the Bible. This created the 1 st English edition of the Bible This created the 1 st English edition of the Bible

Who was Martin Luther? Concluded that only faith, not good works, brought salvation Concluded that only faith, not good works, brought salvation Believed salvation was a gift from God, not something earned by helping others Believed salvation was a gift from God, not something earned by helping others Astonished that the Church would tell peasants that they could “buy” their salvation Astonished that the Church would tell peasants that they could “buy” their salvation

Ninety-Five Theses Written by Martin Luther Written by Martin Luther 95 arguments against the selling of indulgences 95 arguments against the selling of indulgences Sent them to the Bishop Sent them to the Bishop Also, nailed them to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral for all to read Also, nailed them to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral for all to read Thousands of copies made and read all across the German Kingdoms Thousands of copies made and read all across the German Kingdoms

Theses Quote “He who gives to a poor man, or lends to a needy man, does better than if he bought pardons.” -Martin Luther

Church Reaction Did not take Luther seriously Did not take Luther seriously Soon realized that if people believed him then they would rely on the Bible and not the priests or indulgences Soon realized that if people believed him then they would rely on the Bible and not the priests or indulgences Pope & Luther argued for several years Pope & Luther argued for several years

Punishment for Luther Pope excommunicated (kicked out) Luther from Church Pope excommunicated (kicked out) Luther from Church No longer a member of the Church or a monk No longer a member of the Church or a monk Could not receive sacraments Could not receive sacraments

Luther’s Ideas led to: Creation of a new denomination (organized branch of Christianity) Creation of a new denomination (organized branch of Christianity) Known as “Lutheranism” Known as “Lutheranism” 1 st Protestant denomination 1 st Protestant denomination

3 Main Ideas of Lutheranism: 1. Faith in Jesus, not good deeds, brings salvation 2. Bible is the final source of truth, not a church or its ministers 3. Church made up of believers, not just the clergy

Revolts Even the peasants heard about Luther and his fight w/ the pope Even the peasants heard about Luther and his fight w/ the pope Life had always been hard but in 1520’s, it was terrible Life had always been hard but in 1520’s, it was terrible Crops had been poor for several years Crops had been poor for several years

Peasants Revolt They felt if Luther was right and could stand up to the pope, then they must have the right to stand up to greedy nobles They felt if Luther was right and could stand up to the pope, then they must have the right to stand up to greedy nobles Made a list of their demands based on the Bible Made a list of their demands based on the Bible Revolts broke out but the peasants were soon defeated Revolts broke out but the peasants were soon defeated

Nobles Top of the social scale Top of the social scale Had better weapons & horses Had better weapons & horses Won easily- killing thousands of peasants Won easily- killing thousands of peasants

Luther Sympathy: Felt sorry for peasants but hated the violence Felt sorry for peasants but hated the violence Criticized nobles for treatment of the lower class peasants Criticized nobles for treatment of the lower class peasants Afraid of what would happen to the peasants w/out a strong government Afraid of what would happen to the peasants w/out a strong government Told them that God had set the government above them & they must obey it. Told them that God had set the government above them & they must obey it.

Politics & Lutheranism Local kings and nobles of the Roman Empire did not want Charles V (the Holy Roman Emperor) to become too powerful Realized they could increase their power if they supported Lutheranism When the kings became Lutheran, their entire kingdom did also

Money Catholic Church could not earn income from the Lutheran kingdoms Catholic Church could not earn income from the Lutheran kingdoms Charles V fought with local kings but could not defeat them Charles V fought with local kings but could not defeat them

Role of Charles V in Lutheranism Emperor with a lot of power Emperor with a lot of power Other rulers resented him & wanted out of his control Other rulers resented him & wanted out of his control Signed Peace of Augsburg Signed Peace of Augsburg – An agreement that allowed each ruler to choose whether his kingdom would be Lutheran or Catholic – Most of Northern Germany became Protestant

John Calvin Studied theology (the study of questions about God) Studied theology (the study of questions about God) Taught God’s will is absolute and decides everything in the world in advance, including who will go to heaven & who will not Taught God’s will is absolute and decides everything in the world in advance, including who will go to heaven & who will not This belief is called “predestination” This belief is called “predestination”

Calvinism Encouraged people to work hard and behave Encouraged people to work hard and behave Congregations should choose their own leaders Congregations should choose their own leaders Supported the idea of English settlers in America Supported the idea of English settlers in America Should be able to choose political leaders Should be able to choose political leaders

Calvinism Continued: Basis of many Protestant churches, such as Puritans & Presbyterians Basis of many Protestant churches, such as Puritans & Presbyterians

Counter-Reformation Catholic Church fought against Protestantism, it knew it needed to reform some practices Catholic Church fought against Protestantism, it knew it needed to reform some practices Pope Paul III called a church council at Trent, near Rome, to reform the Church Pope Paul III called a church council at Trent, near Rome, to reform the Church

Changes Clergy were instructed to do a better job teaching people in the faith Clergy were instructed to do a better job teaching people in the faith Created seminaries or special schools to train priests Created seminaries or special schools to train priests

Jesuits Priests belonging to the Society of Jesus (known as Jesuits) were the pope’s agents in Europe Priests belonging to the Society of Jesus (known as Jesuits) were the pope’s agents in Europe Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits Jesuits taught, preached, and fought “heresy” or religious beliefs that contradict what the Church says is true Jesuits taught, preached, and fought “heresy” or religious beliefs that contradict what the Church says is true

Social Classes Lower classes in France were mostly Catholic Lower classes in France were mostly Catholic Many French nobles were Protestant Many French nobles were Protestant French Protestants were known as Huguenots French Protestants were known as Huguenots The Bourbons, who were Protestant, were the 2 nd most powerful family France The Bourbons, who were Protestant, were the 2 nd most powerful family France

A Civil War Broke out between the Catholics & Protestants that lasted more than 30 years Broke out between the Catholics & Protestants that lasted more than 30 years Ended when Henry IV, leader of Huguenot forces and head of the Bourbon family, became king Ended when Henry IV, leader of Huguenot forces and head of the Bourbon family, became king He agreed to become Catholic He agreed to become Catholic

Thirty Years’ War Fought between the Catholics and Protestants in the Roman Empire from

Henry IV Issued the Edict of Nantes Issued the Edict of Nantes – Recognized Catholicism as France’s official religion – Also gave the Huguenots the right to worship freely

During the 1400’s English nobles fought each other for control of the kingdom English nobles fought each other for control of the kingdom Henry VIII was the 2 nd Tudor king of England Henry VIII was the 2 nd Tudor king of England Wanted to make sure peace was maintained & his family stayed in power Wanted to make sure peace was maintained & his family stayed in power

Henry VIII His wife didn’t have a male child, so he asked the Pope to “annul” his marriage His wife didn’t have a male child, so he asked the Pope to “annul” his marriage This would leave him free to marry again and try produce a son with another wife This would leave him free to marry again and try produce a son with another wife

Pope Response The Pope refused The Pope refused Henry then asked the highest religious official in England, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to annul his marriage Henry then asked the highest religious official in England, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to annul his marriage The Pope then excommunicated Henry The Pope then excommunicated Henry

Henry’s Response Henry declared that the king, not the pope, was the head of the Church of England Henry declared that the king, not the pope, was the head of the Church of England All priests & bishops were forced to accept Henry as the head of the Church All priests & bishops were forced to accept Henry as the head of the Church Some who didn’t were executed Some who didn’t were executed

Mary I Daughter of Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon Daughter of Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon Became queen in 1553 Became queen in 1553 Tried to reinstate Catholicism as the religion of England Tried to reinstate Catholicism as the religion of England

Mary I When she died her sister, Elizabeth became queen. When she died her sister, Elizabeth became queen. She was Protestant & restored the Anglican Church as the official religion of England She was Protestant & restored the Anglican Church as the official religion of England

Anglican Church Some wanted them to give up some of their Catholic ways Some wanted them to give up some of their Catholic ways Formed their own congregations that were not part of the Anglican Church Formed their own congregations that were not part of the Anglican Church

Anglican Church Puritans were one of these groups Puritans were one of these groups Elizabeth tolerated these groups but James I & Charles I, who came after her, did not Elizabeth tolerated these groups but James I & Charles I, who came after her, did not They shut down the Puritan Church & arrested its leaders They shut down the Puritan Church & arrested its leaders

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