Road Map EconomicPoliticalCultural Global Organizational Country Personal Evaluation Application

Review: Cultural Globalization at the Personal Level Transforms locals into cosmopolitans through processes of: Transforms locals into cosmopolitans through processes of: –Rationalization –Individualization –Universalization

Evaluation of Cultural Globalization Good or bad? Good or bad? Question usually framed in terms of: Question usually framed in terms of: –Homogeneity (similarity) –Heterogeneity (difference)

Homogenization By definition, cultural globalization involves some homogenization By definition, cultural globalization involves some homogenization

Globalization and Cultural Homogenization Tongue-Tied Linguists and Native Speakers Fight to Preserve Dying Languages By Michael S. James, from ABC News.com April 8, 2002 Geneva Woomayoyah Navarro, 76, grew up translating English for her Comanche grandparents after their forcible relocation to Oklahoma, 5 miles from their nearest Comanche neighbor. "My grandmother couldn't speak English or understand it," she explained. "So at mealtime she preferred that we would all speak [Comanche] so she could understand." Like many in her English-speaking generation, Navarro later moved away from home in pursuit of education and jobs, marrying a non-Comanche in the process. Now she is stunned to find that the language of her youth is dying. Fewer than 900 people, most of them elderly, are believed to speak Comanche. That leaves Navarro with a deep sense of loss. "Our language is our culture," she said. "It holds our culture together. It tells us where we are where we come from." The Comanche story is not uncommon. Half of approximately 6,000 languages currently spoken worldwide are endangered to some degree or dying out, according to a recent report by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. In the United States, fewer than 150 Native American languages out of hundreds that once existed remain, according to UNESCO. And every single one is in some jeopardy, as are hundreds of other native languages…. Globalization Speeds Disappearance "All the evidence that we have seems to suggest that the rate of language extinction is accelerating," said Broadwell, who blames globalization. "All the people who were living in the corners of the world sort of isolated from the nation-states are now in contact with the rest of the world." As contact increases, it becomes harder for people to get along without learning and dealing extensively in the language and economy of the dominant culture. Eventually, younger generations might see less use in learning or teaching the native language, or leave traditional areas in pursuit of jobs….

Still Heterogeneity Remains… While homogenization is obviously happening, it’s not happening equally to everything and everyone everywhere While homogenization is obviously happening, it’s not happening equally to everything and everyone everywhere –Core v. periphery –Urban v. rural –Male v. female

In Some Ways, Heterogeneity Increases… Homogenization generates reaction and resistance, in favor of heterogeneity (I.e., difference) Homogenization generates reaction and resistance, in favor of heterogeneity (I.e., difference)

Heterogenization – e.g., Coalition for Cultural Diversity in Moving Images “The 21 st century has arrived and Hollywood films continue to threaten …cultural diversity…which is the basic fabric for spiritual growth and development….Countries around the world should maintain the right to … protect their own media culture.” “The 21 st century has arrived and Hollywood films continue to threaten …cultural diversity…which is the basic fabric for spiritual growth and development….Countries around the world should maintain the right to … protect their own media culture.”

Expressive v. Utilitarian We tend to prefer homogeneity in the utilitarian realms of culture and heterogeneity in the expressive realms of culture We tend to prefer homogeneity in the utilitarian realms of culture and heterogeneity in the expressive realms of culture

Utilitarian v. Expressive Products/Forms *utilitarian: prefer world where ATM cards work *expressive: some people samba, others tango

Utilitarian v. Expressive Norms/Values *utilitarian: value of environment *expressive: value of pets *expressive: value of pets

Homogeneity – e.g., Perceived Seriousness of Environmental Problems (Dunlap) % saying “very serious” % saying “very serious” Air pollution Water pollution U.S.6071 Brazil7069 Turkey7261 Denmark6172

Utilitarian v. Expressive Definitions/Assumptions *utilitarian: belief in gender equality *expressive: belief in ghosts