CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 DHS V VBP035 Perform Microbiological Procedures in the Food Industry

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 L 4b Fungi

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 2. Classification - Chytridiomycota - Zygomycota - Ascomycota - Basidiomycota Single celled members of these groups are all called “yeasts”. They are distinguished from protists based on a chitinous cell wall and absorptive (rather than phagocytic) nutrition.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 3. General Biology - The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae”

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 3. General Biology - The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae” - The hypha can be coenocytic (without divisions) or septate (with incomplete cell walls between)

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 3. General Biology - The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae” - The hypha can be coenocytic (without divisions) or septate (with incomplete cell walls between) - These have a huge surface area/volume ratio for absorption. - The largest organisms known… 37 acres.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Fungal reproduction  Asexually, by forming conidia  Sexually (three steps): Plasmogami (dikaryon) Karyogami (zygote forms) Meiosis (sexual spore forms): Zygospore Zygospore Ascospore Ascospore Basidiospore Basidiospore

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 ZygomycotaZygomycota

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 4. Ecological Roles - decomposers: Fungi decompose lignin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 4. Ecological Roles - decomposers: Fungi decompose lignin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest. * antibiotics

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 4. Ecological Roles - decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest. * antibiotics - mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 4. Ecological Roles - decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest. * antibiotics - mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose. - lichens – symbiote with alga

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 4. Ecological Roles - decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest. * antibiotics - mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose. - lichens – symbiote with alga - pathogens – Athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infections - parasites – entomophagous fungi

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Fungi are important in nature  As decomposers  As pathogens of plants, animals and humans, and in food spoilage  As producers of secondary metabolites, e. g. penicillin  In cheese, bread and wine making

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Fly agaric (flugsvamp)

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Ergot of rye Caused by Claviceps purpurea. Cause of ergotism: “Holy Fire” or “St. Anthony’s Fire”. Sclerotia are dangerous. Witch hunts. Caused low fertility and death in 14th- 18th century Europe.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Other toxins made by fungi Endophytic fungi (Acremonium) in grasses can be toxic to cattle (fescue toxicosis) Other mycotoxins: Ochratoxins Aflatoxins - carcinogenic Fumonosins - blind stagger of horses Patulin - bleeding in lungs and brain, kidney damage, cancer

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Medicines that come from fungi Penicillin. Penicillium chrysogenum. Alexander Fleming, Cephalosporin Cyclosporin

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Fungal diseases of humans - mycoses Trichophyton rubrum. Causal agent of athlete’s foot. Came from tropics. Candida albicans. Causes candidiasis = yeast infections. Around genitalia. Disease of mouth and throat. Blastomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Aspergillosis are other diseases.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Smut infection of a wheat field in Eastern Washington (1956)

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Ustilago maydis - the corn smut fungus

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Ustilago maydis is a popular food delicacy in Mexico

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Examples of symptoms caused by fungi:  Cankers  Storage rots of fruits and vegetables  Rust, mildews  Leaf spots

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Pathogen life styles Necrotrophs - kill host cells with toxins and hydrolytic enzymes. Ex: Botrytis cinerea. Biotrophs - specialize on a living host. Ex. Powdery mildews and rusts. Hemibiotrophs - start out biotrophic. Then, they kill the host cells. Ex. Phytophthora infestans.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Four phyla of fungi oChytridiomycota - no sexual spore oZygomycota - zygospore oAscomycota - ascospore oBasidiomycota - basidiospore

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Characteristics of fungi Fungi have hyphae. A mass of hyphae is a mycelium. The hyphae may be septate or aseptate. Specialized hyphae, haustoria are feeding structures.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 ZygomycotaZygomycota

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi B. Zygomycetes - coenocytic hypha - asexual reproduction haploid hypha produces sporangia and releases spores.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi B. Zygomycetes - sexual reproduction – hypha touch, and produce gametangia. Gametes produced inside – fusion into dikaryotic cells (2 nuclei). Each dikaryon then becomes diploid (fusion of nuclei and undergoes meiosis. Spores are released. - many are imporant mycorrhyzal symbionts.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Gametangia fuse to produce a zygospore (Rhizopus stolonifer)

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 ZygomycotaZygomycota

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi C. Ascomycetes - septate hypha

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi C. Ascomycetes - septate hypha - characterized by production of spore-bearing “asci” - baker’s yeast (levening and fermentation) - molds – pathogens of plants such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Neurospora, Chestnut Blight, Dutch Elm disease, etc.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi C. Ascomycetes - life cycle

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi D. Basidiomycetes - bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi D. Basidiomycetes - bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies - haploid hyphae fuse in dikaryotic hyphae. - these dikaryotic hyphae form the fruiting structure.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi D. Basidiomycetes - bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies - haploid hyphae fuse in dikaryotic hyphae. - these dikaryotic hyphae form the fruiting structure. - at the tip of each hyphae, the basidium forms, in which meiosis occurs to produce new haploid spores.

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: life cycle

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 AscomycotaAscomycota

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045

CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Penicillium and Aspergillus