1 Macromolecules copyright cmassengale

2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON and HydrogenorganicCompounds that contain CARBON and Hydrogen are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale

3 Carbon (C) Carbon can form very stable molecules. It is in all living things.Carbon can form very stable molecules. It is in all living things. Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually bonds with C, H, O or N. Example: CH 4 (methane)Example: CH 4 (methane) copyright cmassengale

4 Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples:Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale

5 Carbohydrates

6 Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. There are 3 types of sugar moleculesThere are 3 types of sugar molecules A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide copyright cmassengale

7 Carbohydrates The monomer (building block) of a carbohydrate is a Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose ( Examples: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) deoxyribose ribose ribose fructose fructose galactose galactose glucose copyright cmassengale

8 Carbohydrates Examples of Carbohydrates: Disaccharide: two sugar unit –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose copyright cmassengale

9 Carbohydrates Examples of Carbohydrates: Polysaccharide: many sugar units starch (bread, potatoes, pasta) glycogen (beef, muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn, wood, paper) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

Carbohydrates Function of Carbohydrates Short term energy storage in the cell. Building/Structural material copyright cmassengale10

11 Lipids copyright cmassengale

12Lipids not dissolve in waterCompounds that do not dissolve in water. are soluble (dissolve) in hydrophobic (nonpolar) solventsLipids are soluble (dissolve) in hydrophobic (nonpolar) solvents. Examples: 1. Fats/OilsExamples: 1. Fats/Oils 2. Phosp holipids 2. Phosp holipids 3. Waxes 3. Waxes 4. Steroid hormones 4. Steroid hormones 5. Triglycerides 5. Triglycerides copyright cmassengale

13 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale

14 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = copyright cmassengale

15 Fatty Acids Lipids are the exception to the monomer rule but most are made up of fatty acids. fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = unsaturated copyright cmassengale

16 Proteins copyright cmassengale

17 Proteins (Polypeptides) peptide bondsAmino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds polypeptidesProteins are also called polypeptides). Functions Examples of Proteins Functions Examples of Proteins 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions copyright cmassengale

18 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A. Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale

19 Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) copyright cmassengale

20 Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds copyright cmassengale

21 Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”.Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet copyright cmassengale

22 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes, hemoglobinExample: enzymes, hemoglobin subunits copyright cmassengale

23 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale

24 Nucleic acids FunctionsFunctions –Code for proteins –Stores hereditary information Examples of Nucleic Acids:Examples of Nucleic Acids: –DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid –RNA Ribonucleic acid –ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) copyright cmassengale

25 Nucleic acids The monomers of Nucleic Acids are called Nucleotides.The monomers of Nucleic Acids are called Nucleotides. All nucleotides are made up of:All nucleotides are made up of: –A phosphate group –A 5 carbon sugar –A nitrogen base copyright cmassengale

26 Nucleotide O O=P O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, T or U) (A, G, C, T or U) Adenine, Guanine Cytosine, Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) copyright cmassengale

27 DNA - double helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA copyright cmassengale Hydrogen Bonds