Form of government based on landholding Few Promises in Feudalism Alliances between lords and vassals Oaths of loyalty in exchange for land and military.

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Form of government based on landholding Few Promises in Feudalism Alliances between lords and vassals Oaths of loyalty in exchange for land and military service Ranking of power and authority

Set of rights and obligations between serfs and lords Manor Lord’s estate M – Manor E- Economically S- Self S- Sufficient

Person receiving a fief Who pledges allegiance to the lord and is protected by them in return.

Lived on manors in castles Included powerful clergy Hunted, defended manor, oversaw serfs, & settled legal disputes

Freeman paid lord for use of land called a fief Serfs worked the land for the lord Serfs were poor & prisoners of the manor Not slaves but bound to the land

Warriors - Follow Code of Chivalry Trained warriors who studied warfare from the age of 7 Exchanged military service for fief (an estate granted by a lord) defend the “3 masters” your Lord God, your feudal lord, and your lady; - protect the weak / poor.

Unifying force of Christian Faith Power over people’s everyday lives Involvement in political affairs Central Government had collapsed but the church remained strong.

Religious ceremonies – offered through the Roman Catholic Church Rites paved the way for achieving salvation ex. baptism

Worldly concerns rather than concerns with spiritual matters Power involved in politics

Ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials

Religious officials

Laws of the Christian Church - Two types of punishment: Of an individual = Excommunication Of a community / region = Interdict

In 1095, Pope Urban II called for a crusade, or HOLY WAR, against the Muslims to re-obtain the Holy Land. For almost 200 years – from 1096 to European crusaders went to the Holy Land

Effort by the Christians leaders to drive Muslims out of Spain Lasting from 1100s until 1492

Tribunal held by the church to suppress heresy Heretics were people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the Church.

Guilds: association of people who worked at same occupation

Everyday language of the burghers ( town dwellers) and other scholars and writers during the middle ages

King John - Raised taxes to pay for wars Nobles forced John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 First time a king’s power was limited Guaranteed basic rights to citizens no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and the protection of the law

Why? - England’s Edward III claimed the throne of France Who? – English vs. French English won because of long bows and archers End of chivalric warfare / Rise of Nationalism

Began in Asia – Spread to Europe over the silkroad by Fleas and rats that were carried by merchants 1/3 population died, 25 million Jews were blamed