Bellringer 1/14/16Unit: 5 Standard: Protista Learning Target: I can describe characteristics of animal- like, plant-like and fungus-like protists and give examples Read the passage “What is a Protist?” on page 227 of your textbook and answer the questions below. 1) What is a protist? 2) Which way do we classify protists?

Bellringer 1/14/16 - Answers 1) What is a protist? Protists are Eukaryotes (true nucleus) that cannot be classified as animals, plants or fungi. CALLED “ODDS AND ENDS” KINGDOM 2) Which way do we classify protists? Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like protists

Domain: Eukarya

General characteristics All protists are EUKARYOTES They can’t be classified as animals, plants or fungi Most are unicellular (ONE CELL) All protists live in moist environment 3 major groups: Animal-like protists Plant-like protists Fungus-like protists

Animal-like protists A.K.A. “protozoans” Heterotrophs Unicellular Move to get food Move by PSEUDOPODS (Amoeba) – extensions of cell membrane and cytoplasm Move by FLAGELLA (Giardia) – longer than cilia (one or just a few) Move by CILIA (Paramecium) – many short hair-like structures Amoeba Giardia Paramecium

Plant-like protists A.K.A “algae” or “phytoplankton” Autotrophs Most are unicellular They use pigment to capture light and make their own food (AUTOTROPH) Some can move using flagella Live in upper layers of water bodies (need sunlight) Good food source for other aquatic organisms Produce a majority of Earth’s oxygen

Fungus-like protists Heterotrophs decomposers: feed on dead/decaying organisms) They have a cell wall made of chitin (type of sugar) Reproduce by spores Can move at some point in their life cycle Slime molds Water molds Downy mildews Slime mold Water Mold

Reproduction Asexual (many protists) Sexual (example: Paramecium) Binary fission: single cell divides into 2 identical cells Multiple fission: single cell divides into 3 or more identical cells Protists that are parasites have complex reproduction cycles (some stages in one host, then a second stage in a vertebrate host) Conjugation: 2 individuals join and exchange genetic material by swapping their small nucleus, then each divide producing 4 new individuals Examples of parasitic protists: Plasmodium vivax (malaria) Giardia sp.

Nutrition Heterotroph Autotroph Mixotroph Animal-like Fungus-like Heterotroph Plant-like Autotroph Some fungus-like Some plant-like Mixotroph MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD! Photosynthesis Feed on other organisms BOTH (depends on conditions)

Bellringer 1/19/16Unit: 5 Standard: Fungi Learning Target: I can describe the characteristics that Fungi share Read the passage “What are Fungi?” on page 236 from your textbook and answer the following questions. 1) What are Fungi? 2) What kind of environment do Fungi need to grow?

Bellringer 1/19/16 - Answers 1) What are Fungi? Fungi are EUKARYOTES that have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce. 2) What kind of environment do Fungi need to grow? They need moist and warm places to grow (moist foods, damp tree barks, lawns coated with dew, wet bathroom tiles, etc.)

Domain: Eukaryotes Mushrooms, molds and yeasts

General Information Soil dwelling decomposer mostly Resemble plants, but are more closely related to animals Heterotrophs (absorption of food from environment) Cell wall made of chitin (same as Arthropods) Most Fungi have symbiotic relationships with plant roots (mycorrhizae)lichens and algae Increase surface area for water uptake

Body Structure Hyphae: tubular filaments Intertwined to form a Mycelium (extend above and below ground) Fungi can grow very fast – they just need moisture

Ecological Impact Decomposers: recycle nutrients back to environment Plant pathogens (disease): wheat rust, corn smut, Dutch Elm disease Human pathogens (disease): ringworm, athletes foot, jock itch, yeast infections, dandruff Some are used as medicine Some are used as food

Bellringer 1/20/16Unit: 5 Standard: Fungi Learning Target: I can describe the ecological impact of fungi Read the passage “The role of Fungi in Nature” on pages from your textbook and answer the following questions. 1) How can Fungi be beneficial to other organisms? 2) How can Fungi be harmful to other organisms?

Bellringer 1/20/16 - Answers 1) How can Fungi be beneficial to other organisms? Providing food, recycling materials (decomposing), fighting disease, helping plants grow by associating with their roots, help bacteria/algae grow in a lichen form 2) How can Fungi be harmful to other organisms? They can cause diseases (Dutch Elm disease in elm trees, corn smut and wheat rust in crops, athletes foot, ringworm, etc.). Some mushrooms are toxic/poisonous.