Do Now YOU NEED YOUR NUA NOTEBOOK TODAY What is the main difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? Do bacteria cells contain a nucleus? What is the main difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? Do bacteria cells contain a nucleus?

Topic Ch. 7 Cell Structure & Function

The Discovery of the Cell  Robert Hooke used compound light microscope to view cork, a plant material  Cork had 1000’s of chambers in it - named the chambers “cells”  Robert Hooke used compound light microscope to view cork, a plant material  Cork had 1000’s of chambers in it - named the chambers “cells”

The Cell Theory  Cells - the basic unit of life  Developed the cell theory:  All living things are made of cells  Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things  New cells are produced from preexisting cells  Cells - the basic unit of life  Developed the cell theory:  All living things are made of cells  Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things  New cells are produced from preexisting cells

Exploring the Cell

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes  Cells are in 2 broad categories depending on whether they have a nucleus  Nucleus - a membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s DNA  Controls the cells activities  Cells are in 2 broad categories depending on whether they have a nucleus  Nucleus - a membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s DNA  Controls the cells activities

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes  Eukaryotes - cells that have a nucleus  Prokaryotes - cells that do not have a nucleus  Eukaryotes - cells that have a nucleus  Prokaryotes - cells that do not have a nucleus

Comparing the Cell to a Factory  Organelles - “little organs”, structures within a cell  Cytoplasm - portion of the cell outside the nucleus  Organelles - “little organs”, structures within a cell  Cytoplasm - portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Nucleus  Nucleus - contains cell’s DNA, & with it, the instructions for making proteins  Nuclear envelope - membrane that surrounds the nucleus  Nucleolus - center of nucleus, where ribosomes are formed  Nucleus - contains cell’s DNA, & with it, the instructions for making proteins  Nuclear envelope - membrane that surrounds the nucleus  Nucleolus - center of nucleus, where ribosomes are formed

Ribosomes  Proteins are made on ribosomes  Ribosomes - small particles of RNA & protein found throughout the cytoplasm  Site of protein synthesis (to make)  Proteins are made on ribosomes  Ribosomes - small particles of RNA & protein found throughout the cytoplasm  Site of protein synthesis (to make)

Endoplasmic Reticulum  Endoplasmic reticulum - ER - site where proteins are assembled

Golgi Apparatus  Golgi apparatus - function is to package proteins from the ER  The “packaging center” of the cell  Golgi apparatus - function is to package proteins from the ER  The “packaging center” of the cell

Lysosomes  Lysosomes - small organelles filled with enzymes  They break down (digest) lipids, carbohydrates, & proteins into molecules that can be used by the cell  Lysosomes - small organelles filled with enzymes  They break down (digest) lipids, carbohydrates, & proteins into molecules that can be used by the cell

Vacuoles  Vacuoles - saclike structures that store materials like water, salts, proteins, & carbs.

Mitochondria & Chloroplasts  Mitochondria - organelles that convert chemical energy stored in food to compounds that can be used by the cell  The “powerhouse” of the cell  Mitochondria - organelles that convert chemical energy stored in food to compounds that can be used by the cell  The “powerhouse” of the cell

Mitochondria & Chloroplasts  Chloroplasts - organelles that capture energy from sun & convert it into chemical energy, during photosynthesis  Green structures, only found in PLANT cells  Chloroplasts - organelles that capture energy from sun & convert it into chemical energy, during photosynthesis  Green structures, only found in PLANT cells

Cytoskeleton  Cytoskeleton - a network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape

Cell Membrane  Cell membrane - regulates what enters & leaves the cell, also provide protection & support  Contains lipid bilayer - 2 layers of lipids  Cell membrane - regulates what enters & leaves the cell, also provide protection & support  Contains lipid bilayer - 2 layers of lipids

Cell Boundaries  Cell wall - found in plant cells, fungi, algae, & many prokaryotes (NOT in animal cells)  Provides support & protection for the cell  Cell wall - found in plant cells, fungi, algae, & many prokaryotes (NOT in animal cells)  Provides support & protection for the cell

Home Work  Use the organelles in your NUA notebook discussed during class and compare those functions as they relate to daily operation of Malcolm X Shabazz High School.  Example; DNA would be the principal’s office.  Use the organelles in your NUA notebook discussed during class and compare those functions as they relate to daily operation of Malcolm X Shabazz High School.  Example; DNA would be the principal’s office.

Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries  Every living cell exists in a liquid environment that it needs to survive  Cells have a different concentration or amount of substances within them  Every living cell exists in a liquid environment that it needs to survive  Cells have a different concentration or amount of substances within them

Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries  Diffusion - movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration to create equilibrium  Does NOT require energy  Equilibrium - when the concentration of a substance is the same on both sides of a membrane  Diffusion - movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration to create equilibrium  Does NOT require energy  Equilibrium - when the concentration of a substance is the same on both sides of a membrane

Osmosis  Osmosis - diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, until equilibrium is reached

The Effects of Osmosis on Cells

Facilitated Diffusion  Facilitated diffusion - molecules that can’t diffuse across the cell’s lipid bilayer on their own, move through protein channels instead

Active Transport  Active transport - requires energy moves against the concentration gradient from low to high

Unicellular Organisms  Cells are the basic units of all organisms, but sometimes a cell is the organism  A single-celled organism is also called a unicellular organism  Cells are the basic units of all organisms, but sometimes a cell is the organism  A single-celled organism is also called a unicellular organism

Multicellular Organisms  Organisms made up of many cells are multicellular  Cell specialization - cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks  Organisms made up of many cells are multicellular  Cell specialization - cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks

Cell Specialization

Levels of Organization  The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are individual cells, tissues, organs, & organ systems

Levels of Organization  Tissue - a group of similar cells that perform a particular function  Organ - many groups of tissue working together  Organ system - a group of organs working together to perform a specific function  Tissue - a group of similar cells that perform a particular function  Organ - many groups of tissue working together  Organ system - a group of organs working together to perform a specific function