The French and Indian War Chapter 5, Section 3

Bell Ringer Look at the map. How many countries claimed North American territory before the French and Indian War? After? Before the war, which country appears to be the biggest threat to British colonists? After?

Key Terms French and Indian War – a conflict in North America from 1754 to 1763 that was part of a worldwide struggle between France and Britain; Britain defeated France and gained French Canada Albany Plan of Union – the first formal proposal to unite the American colonies, put forth by Benjamin Franklin Battle of Quebec – a battle won by the British over the French, and the turning point in the French and Indian War Treaty of Paris – the 1763 treaty that ended the French and Indian War; Britain claimed all of North America east of the Mississippi River; the treaty ended French power in North America Pontiac’s Rebellion – a revolt against British forts and American settlers in 1763, led in part by Ottawa war leader Pontiac, in response to settlers’ claims of Native American lands and to harsh treatment by British soldiers Proclamation of 1763 – an order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

Additional Terms and People George Washington – Virginia colonist who led troops against the French during the Seven Years ’ War; future president militia – force made up of civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army alliance – agreement between countries to help each other against other countries cede – surrender

Objectives Identify the reasons why fighting broke out between France and Britain in North America. Describe the early defeat of the British by the French at the beginning of the French and Indian War. Explain how the British gained victory, and explain the results of the French and Indian War.

How did the British gain French territory in North America? By the mid-1700s, both Britain and France had claimed vast areas of land in North America — lands long settled by Native Americans. Conflicts over land led to war, with the future of much of North America at stake.

In the 1750s, land disputes erupted in the Ohio River valley, the area between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.

The Virginia colony also claimed the land, and British settlers continued to move west. France claimed the Ohio River valley as part of its territory.

France Claims Western Lands 1. What parts of North America were claimed by France? Ohio River Valley Mississippi River Valley The entire Great Lakes region French Louisiana (claimed by LaSalle in 1682) stretched from the Appalachian Mountains to the Rocky Mountains Their main settlements were Quebec and Montreal

Native American Alliances 2. Why did Native Americans form alliances with colonists? The fur trade The Huron and Algonquin people of the Great Lakes allied with the French The Iroquois of New York allied with the Dutch (and later with the English) 3. In what ways did France and England clash between 1689 and 1763? They attacked each other’s settlements and forts Wars between the countries in Europe led to the colonies fighting (neither side won a clear victory) French and Indian War was the final war 4. How did the fur trade lead to wars? Native American groups competed for furs, and through their alliances with European trading partners, they obtained weapons and became involved in European conflicts

In 1753, the French began building forts in the Ohio River valley to protect their claims. The governor of Virginia sent a militia led by George Washington to order the French out. The French ignored Washington ’ s warnings.

The next year, Washington returned to the Ohio River valley to find the French building a fort at a key location. Fort Duquesne Built where the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet to form the Ohio River Ohio R.

Conflict in the Ohio River Valley 5. How did the French attempt to keep the English out of the Ohio Valley? Charles de Langlade destroyed the village of Pickawillany and its British trading post French built forts to protect the region linking their Canadian and Louisiana settlements 6. Why was the Ohio River Valley important to the French and British governments? French – it linked Canada and Louisiana and was a source of furs British – it was also a source of furs and a place for new settlement

Washington built a small fort of his own, Fort Necessity, nearby. A large French army attacked, forcing Washington to surrender Fort Necessity. The French sent Washington home with the message that they would never give up the Ohio River valley.

War with France seemed certain. Hoping to form an alliance against the French, the British called a meeting of colonial leaders and local Iroquois tribes in Albany, New York. The alliance failed. British Iroquois refuse to join a British alliance

Colonial leaders at the Albany Congress still tried to work out a plan to defend themselves against the French. Benjamin Franklin urged the colonists to unite against the enemy.

Franklin drew up a plan in which an elected Grand Council would have authority to act for all the colonies on urgent matters. It also could form armies, collect taxes to pay expenses, make treaties, and start new settlements. Albany Plan of Union The Albany Plan of Union was rejected by the colonial assemblies.

War Begins and Spreads 7. Who are the sides in the French and Indian War? France and England 8. Why was the Albany Plan of Union significant? It was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies Leaders in Albany supported Franklin’s plan, but the colonial legislatures later defeated it. WHY? They did not want to give up control of their own affairs.

Despite the failure to form a united front, the British decided it was time to act. In 1755, troops led by General Edward Braddock (and George Washington at his side) marched on Fort Duquesne. The French and their Native American allies ambushed the British, defeating them. The British knew little about fighting in North America. Red uniforms provided targets. They moved slowly; were transporting a huge cannon They were on a narrow trail and Braddock refused to take Washington’s advice

The British disaster at Fort Duquesne was followed by other defeats. In 1756, Britain declared war on France, marking the official beginning of the Seven Years ’ War. Fort Niagara Lake George Fort Oswego Fort William Henry

Britain ’ s string of defeats finally ended when a new prime minister, William Pitt, took office. Pitt ’ s generals soon turned the tide of the war. In 1758, the British won Fort Duquesne, renaming it Fort Pitt. Such victories helped the British gain Iroquois support. British Iroquois join a British alliance

Braddock’s Defeat 9. Why did Britain send money and men to fight in the colonies? It could not rely solely on the colonists for funding or for troops 10. Why was Braddock defeated by a smaller enemy force? Braddock’s force was unprotected and easy to see 11. What course did the war take from Braddock’s defeat in ? Many British losses In 1757, England did better because they sent better generals and began to pay colonial troops

The French and Indian War British victories in 1758 and 1759 set the stage for the key battle of the war — the Battle of Quebec.

Quebec, the capital of New France, was located atop high cliffs. The British climbed the cliffs on an unguarded trail and captured the city. Without Quebec, France could no longer defend its territory. In 1763, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the war.

The British Take Quebec 12. How did the British take Quebec? They surprised the French by climbing an unguarded path up to the city

The Death of General Wolfe, 1770 Artist – Benjamin West

Under the terms of the treaty, France lost its lands in North America. Native Americans lost, too, as British settlers continued to move west.

The Treaty of Paris 13. What were the results of the Treaty of Paris? Britain claimed all of North America east of the Mississippi River France gave Spain New Orleans and Louisiana (French territory west of the MS River) Britain gave Cuba and the Philippines back to Spain in exchange for Florida

Pontiac’s Rebellion 14. Why did the Native Americans attack the British? British refused to give them supplies, like the French had Settlers claimed their land and soldiers treated them harshly 15. What brutal plan was used to squelch Native American uprisings? British officers invited Delaware war leaders in to talk and then gave them smallpox-invested blankets, which started an outbreak.

Proclamation of Why did the British government issue the Proclamation of 1763? How did the colonists react? Pontiac’s Rebellion made the government realize that defending western lands would be costly, so they issued the Proclamation, which forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachians Colonists were angry. They thought they had won the right to settle the Ohio River Valley. The British government was angry at the colonists, who did not want to pay for their own defense.