SS8H6c Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau; sharecropping and tenant farming; Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution; Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan. Concept: Conflict and Change Individuals and Groups Rule of Law

CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

ATLANTA, GEORGIA

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA

Freedmen’s Bureau U.S. agency that helped former slaves during Reconstruction Also helped some whites who were affected by the war Set up schools & churches (set stage for public schools in GA) Issued food & clothing Drew up labor contracts

HOW WAS SHARECROPPING SIMILAR TO SLAVERY?

Sharecropping/Tenant Farming SHARECROPPING Sharecropping-landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced Example: landowner gets 50% of the crop Sharecropper brings very little to the table besides his own/his family’s labor. TENANT FARMING Tenant farming- a step up from sharecropping, the tenant uses the land and pays rent, whether in cash or crop Example: landowner gets $50 or $50 worth of crop Tenant brings more to the table than just labor (tools, fertilizer, etc.)

Both Sharecropping and Tenant Farming kept many blacks (and even many poor whites) working in the fields after the end of slavery

RECONSTRUCTION PLANS (plan to readmit southern states back into the Union) PRESIDENTIAL Presidents Lincoln and Andrew Johnson wanted to quickly reunite the country together 10% PLAN – only ten percent of the voting population in each southern state had to take an oath of loyalty 13 th Amendment – abolish slavery CONGRESSIONAL Radical Republicans in Congress did not like how southern states were abusing former slaves Created five military districts in the South with US soldiers to protect the rights of former slaves States had to rewrite their constitutions Former Confederate leaders could no longer have power 13 th amendment – abolish slavery 14 th amendment – grant citizenship and equal rights to all persons born in the United States 15 th amendment – guarantee freedmen the right to vote

Lincoln’s Plan “Heal” the Nation Bring states back into Union quickly President appoints provisional Governors for each state Southern states had to: 1-declare secession null and void 2-abolish slavery 3-cancel all war debts

Johnson’s Plan “Lenient” Many Confederate officials/soldiers pardoned Two high ranking CSA officials (Stephens included) were thereby elected to represent GA in the U.S. Senate which outraged Republicans Followed Lincoln’s lenient policies for Reconstruction Ratify 13th Amendment Declared Reconstruction complete quickly Took a lot of “heat” for this process which led to his impeachment

Radical Republicans’ Plan “Punish” Wanted to “Punish” the South for the Civil War South occupied by U.S. Military Divided into districts (GA, FLA, and AL were 3 rd district) 14 th and 15 th amendment ratified RR were upset about “Black Codes” 14 th /15 th Attempting to force the South into more fair treatment for blacks

WHAT WERE BLACK CODES? RULES AND LAWS LIMITING THE FREEDOM OF BLACKS IN THE SOUTH RACIAL SEGREGATION (SEPARATION OF THE RACES) “PERSONS OF COLOR” COULD NOT VOTE COULD NOT HOLD OFFICE (MAYOR, CONGRESSMAN, SENATOR, JUDGE, SHERIFF, ETC…) HAD TO OBEY CURFEWS COULD NOT SERVE ON JURIES COULD NOT TESTIFY AGAINST WHITES IN COURT ARRESTED FOR NOT HAVING A JOB FORCED TO WORK ON ROAD CREWS OR FARMS UNTIL FINES PAID

13 th Amendment 13th-“Freedom” This amendment officially abolished slavery or involuntary servitude unless it is punishment for a crime. 1st of the Reconstruction amendments

14 th Amendment 14th “Citizenship” Overruled Dred Scott case and provided a new definition of citizenship Helped to enforce the 13th amendment

15 th Amendment 15th- Voting Rights Prohibits taking away any person’s right to vote b/c of race, color, or previous condition of servitude Southerners would find a new way to take away voting rights…

Black Legislators Black men participated in GA politics for the 1st time between ( ) 32 Black legislators elected in 1867 Whites were outraged and used KKK to intimidate Most black legislators were harassed constantly One quarter of the black legislators were killed, threatened, beaten, or jailed. Soon… blacks were LEGALLY disfranchised and would not have representation in General Assembly again until 1962 Tunis Campbell

Helped to organize GA Republican party during Reconstruction Born free (1834), had worked for a law firm, very intelligent One of many black legislators expelled from General Assembly by whites The most prominent of the Black legislators who were elected in 1867 Later became AME bishop Travelled throughout South preaching revivals for AME church Led a “Back to Africa” emigration movement (1895, 1896) but most came back to U.S.A. quickly Unit Henry McNeal Turner

Ku Klux Klan Secret oath-bound organization using terroristic tactics to intimidate Kuklos- ”circle”, Clan- “family” Began in TN in 1867 mostly as a social club for Confederate Veterans but progressively became more violent Used beatings, lynching, intimidation, and scare tactics to establish social & political control over blacks Successful in their goal of bringing Democrats back to power. Watched ballots as they were cast at the polls Disbanded around 1871, resurfaced again in 1915 with a ceremony atop Stone Mountain