Predictions of Utility Theory About the Nature of Demand References: Varian: Ch 8 Slutsky Equation (Especially Appendix to Chapter 8) Suplementary References: Deaton & Muelbaur, Consumer behaviour and

Predictions of Utility Theory About the Nature of Demand Given the axioms (or properties) 1-7 we have assumed about the utility function, these imply certain things about the demand function. We can now want to derive a set of core properties we would expect any demand function we estimated to exhibit

Testable Predictions and the Theory We can then test the demand functions we derived and ask if they exhibit these properties. If they don’t then we either have a problem with our data, or we have used the wrong functions or estimation method OR (more seriously), with our theory!

Properties of Demand Function: No. 3 The Pure Substitution effect is Negative (Strictly it is Never Positive)

Start with: The SLUTSKY EQUATION x D = x (P , P y, M) We know that a change in the price of x leads to a change in demand for the good which we have identified as a combination of a substitution and income effect. Furthermore, the theory we have developed suggests that this substitution effect is always negative. This is a prediction of our theory. How could we test it, since it relies on an unmeasurable quantity –the substitution effect? In particular, how could we measure this in the case of the Slutsky and Hicksian demand curves we have seen?

x D = x (P x, P y, M) First, although this is known as the Slutsky equation, we will look at the Hicksian case where we compensate the consumer for the change in prices by placing her back on her original indifference curve. The SLUTSKY EQUATION

Units of Good X Units of good Y I1I1 I2I2 I3I3 I4I4 I5I5 I6I6 f B1B1 Income and substitution effects: normal good QX1QX1 h B2B2 QX3QX3

Units of Good X Units of good Y I1I1 I2I2 I3I3 I4I4 I5I5 I6I6 f B1B1 Income and substitution effects: normal good QX1QX1 h B2B2 QX3QX3 Substitution effect g QX2QX2 B 2a Income effect

The SLUTSKY EQUATION x D = x (P x, P y, m) We know that for a change in the price of x, Overall effect = Substitution effect (U held constant) + income effect Thus: But M= P x x, + P y,y So, x D = x (P x, P y, P x x + P y y)

holding U constant Called the Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition So, Substitution Effect Income Effect

The Slutsky Equation or The Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition This says that the pure substitution effect is a combination of the price effect and the income effect. While we cannot observe the variable on the LHS, we can observe everything on the RHS. So we can test the prediction that the pure substitution effect is negative by measuring

First Testable Prediction: The Pure Substitution Effect is always Negative (never positive)

The Slutsky Equation or The Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition If it is true that the pure substitution effect is always negative, then we know from the expression above that as long as the good is normal (that is, m  implies x  ) Then the demand curve slopes down.

The SLUTSKY EQUATION x D = x (P x, P y, M) Technically, as we have already said, this measures the Hicksian effect rather than the Slutsky effect, but we can write a similar expression for Slutsky. Recall, with Slutsky we compensate the consumer for the change in prices by allowing him to purchase the original bundle.

Units of Good X Units of good Y I1I1 I2I2 I3I3 I4I4 I5I5 I6I6 f B1B1 Income and substitution effects: Hicks (Solid line) QX1QX1 h B2B2 QX3QX3 Substitution effect g QX2QX2 B 2a Income effect

Units of Good X Units of good Y I1I1 I2I2 I3I3 I4I4 I5I5 I6I6 f B1B1 Income and substitution effects: Slutsky (Solid line) QX1QX1 h B2B2 QX3QX3 Substitution effect g’ QX2QX2 B 2a Income effect

holding m constant Hence called the Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition To represent this we only have to make a minor qualification to the equation: Substitution Effect Income Effect

holding m constant Hence called the Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition To represent this we only have to make a minor qualification to the equation: Substitution Effect Income Effect

holding m constant Hence called the Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition To represent this we only have to make a minor qualification to the equation: Substitution Effect Income Effect

Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition In practice for very small changes in prices the Hicksian and Slutsky effects are essentially the same. For the most part, the terms we use to test the theory are derivatives of an estimated function and the Slutsky and Hicksian effects are synonymous However, if we are looking at compensating government tax changes for example then the difference is important.

Note: Main text in Varian uses the terminology,  x s, and discusses the concept in terms of  changes. You can use this if you want, but prefer to use the derivative terms as in the appendix to the chapter. The Varian (appendix) expression is (The two goods are x 1 and x 2 ) :

Finally, we can write The Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition in Elasticity Form

Finally, we can write The Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition in Elasticity Form

Finally, we can write The Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition in Elasticity Form

Finally, we can write The Hicks - Slutsky Decomposition in Elasticity Form

Slutsky Summary: Although the Pure Substitution is unobservable the Slutsky Equation tell us that we can test whether it is negative (not positive) by checking the magnitude of three observable phenomenon: –the elasticity of demand for x, –the share of x in expenditurte –and the income elasticity of demand for x.

Summaryof Properties This section has identified three properties of demand functions (there are others): 1.The Adding-Up Condition 2. The Cournot Condition 3. The Non-Positive Pure Substitution Effect

Summary of Course So far: So after a lot of hard work we have identified 7 axioms we would like to assume preferences follow to generate well behaved demand functions. As a consequence we have identified three properties we would like these demand curves to obey If demand functions fit these properties are assumptions about preferences are reasonable. Do They? Well….., yes and no