Memmler’s A&P Chap 23 The Male and Female Reproductive systems

Reproduction p486 Gametes – Male gametes are spermatozoa – Female gamete are ova (singular is ovum) – Gametes are produced by meiosis and contain only 23 chromosomes

Male reproductive system p Gonads: testes Gametes: spermatozoa Accessory organs: ducts that transport sperm and exocrine glands

Spermatozoa p488 Male gamete: tiny individual cells 200 million are contained in the average ejaculation

Accessory organs male reproductive system p488 Ducts Exocrine glands Semen: – Nourishes sperm – Transports sperm – Neutralize acidity of the male urethra and female vagina – Lubricates the reproductive tract

The Prostate gland p489 Inferior to the bladder Secretes thin alkaline fluid to help neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract and enhance the sperm’s motility

The urethra and penis p489 Male urethra has a double function Prepuce: foreskin Ejaculation: forceful expulsion of semen to the outside of the body

Hormonal control of male reproduction p489 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the formation of sperm Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the production of testosterone

Disorders of male reproduction p490 Infertility Sterility Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Chlamydia Gonorrhea Genital herpes Syphilis HIV

Female reproductive system 492 Gonads: ovaries Gametes : ova (eggs) Accessory organs: Oviducts Uterus Vagina Vulva perineum

Ova (egg) p493 Female gamete Ripens in the ovarian (graafian) follicle At ovulation, the ova is released The empty ovarian follicle: called a corpus luteum After leaving the ovarian follicle, the ova travels through the oviduct (fallopian tube) to the uterus. Fertilization happens in the fallopian tube. If the ova is fertilized, the embryo will implant in the thick lining of the uterus. If fertilization does not happen, the ova is expelled from the uterus with menstrual flow.

Accessory organs p494 Oviducts Uterus – Cervix – Endometrium Vagina Vulva and peritoneum

Menstrual phase p497 Menstrual flow: menses, menstruation Average length of menstrual cycle is 28 days

Menopause p497 Period during which menstruation ceases altogether Menopause is a normal part of life, not a disease Hormone replacement therapy

Birth control p497 Use of artificial methods to prevent fertilization of the ovum – Surgical – Hormonal – Barrier – Other Table 23-1 page 498

Disorders of female reproductive system p499 Menstrual disorders – Amenorrhea – Dysmenorrhea – Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Infertility

Infections p501 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) – Syphilis: only STI that crosses placenta and can cause birth defects – Chlamydia – Gonorrhea – HIV – Herpes – Genital warts Pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease 502