CHAPTER ONE The big picture – the periodic table

Matter Matter is all substances that occupy space and have mass. Matter has three states: solid, liquid and gas.

The kinetic theory of matter has the following key points: Matter is made up of tiny, invisible moving particles. Particles of different substances have different sizes. Lighter particles move faster than heavier ones at a particular temperature. As the temperature rises, the particles move faster. In a solid, the particles are very close and vibrate in fixed positions. In a liquid, the particles are a little further apart. They have more energy and they can move around each other. In a gas, the particles are far apart. They move rapidly and randomly in all the space that surrounds them.

Atomic Theory Explains the structure of atoms Atoms are made up from sub-atomic particles. Protons – found in the nucleus and have a positive charge. Relative mass of 1 Neutrons – found in the nucleus and have no charge. Relative mass of 1 Electrons – orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels known as shells – take up most of the space occupied by an atom. Relative mass of

The problem with Rutherford’s model was that it did not explain why the electrons did not emit energy and how did they remain in orbit around the nucleus? Niels Bohr proposed the model of electron configuration (electrons shells).

Elements and Compounds

Profile of an atom (element): Atomic number (Z) Element Name Element Symbol Mass Number (A) Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) Electron Configuration 6 Carbon C ,4

Periodic Table Trends: Get out your periodic table and place the following trends on it. Groups – vertical columns – same electrons in outer shell. Periods – horizontal rows – same number of shells Metals and non-metals – Aluminium step ladder and metalloids.