The student will analyze the relationships of pairs of words in analogical statements and infer word meanings from these relationships.

What is an analogy? Analogies are often expressed in pairs of words with similar relationships. Hot: Cold:: Up: Down This statement is read as “Hot is to Cold as Up is to Down” to show that these are pairs of antonyms. We call these types of pairs analogical statements.

Types of analogies  Synonym  Antonym  Part and whole  Characteristic quality  Classification  Cause and effect  Function  Location  Degree  Performer and related object  Performer and related action  Action and related object

Types of Analogies SynonymAntonym  Lost: Misplaced  Scorching: Blistering  Joyful: Blissful  Your example:  Kind: Cruel  Happy: Sad  Hope: Despair  Your example: 3/2/2016 4

Types of Analogies Part and Whole Characteristic Quality  Chapter: Book  Fender: Automobile  Month: Year  Your example:  Mirror: Smooth  Sandpaper: Rough  Hero: Brave  Your example: 3/2/2016 5

Types of Analogies ClassificationCause and Effect  Rap: Music  History: Class  Football: Sport  Your example:  Gift: Joy  Rain: Flood  Grief: Tears  Your example: 3/2/2016 6

Types of Analogies FunctionLocation  Knife: Cut  Shovel: Dig  Oven: Bake  Your example:  Fish: Sea  Moose: Forest  Teacher: School  Your example: 3/2/2016 7

Types of Analogies Degree Performer/Related Object  Chuckle: Laugh  Whimper: Cry  Drizzle: Pour  Warm: Hot  Your example:  Cashier: Cash  Plumber: Pipe  Musician: Instrument  Your example: 3/2/2016 8

Types of Analogies Performer/Related Action Action/ Related Object  Author: Write  Chef: Cook  Artist: Draw  Your example:  Boil: Egg  Throw: Ball  Read: Book  Your example: 3/2/2016 9

On a multiple choice test… There are only 3 steps to follow to solve analogical pair questions! 3/2/

Identify the relationship between the first pair of CAPITALIZED words. Remember: Words often have MORE THAN ONE meaning! Hot: Cold  What relationship do these words have?  Can you make a sentence that uses one of the words to define the other? 3/2/

Eliminate answer choices that do not have the same relationship  Hot: Cold :: A. Warm: HotRelationship? B. Desert: CactusRelationship? C. Winter: SeasonRelationship? D. Up: DownRelationship? 3/2/

Choose the answer whose words match the CAPITALIZED pair  The answer is D. Up: Down because both pairs of words are antonyms. 3/2/

Use these words to create your own analogical pairs: Step one: Create an analogy using one of the words Step two: Name the type of relationship your analogy has Step three: Create another analogy with the same relationship from other words you know  Beauty  Dependable  Hate  Happiness  Laughter 3/2/

How can analogies help a reader? Analogies are often used as CONTEXT CLUES to help a reader learn new words. The American Indians are sovereign peoples with their own government ; this gives them the rights of any independent nation. However, the U.S. does have some jurisdiction over them, even though its authority is limited. 3/2/

Using Context Clues The word independent gives a clue to what sovereign might mean. The two words are synonyms. The word authority gives a clue to what jurisdiction might mean. The two words are synonyms. The American Indians are sovereign peoples with their own government ; this gives them the rights of any independent nation. However, the U.S. does have some jurisdiction over them, even though its authority is limited. 3/2/

Using Context Clues If you can also find a relationship between two new words from context clues, then you can better understand what the new words mean.  From their inferred meanings, do sovereign and jurisdiction appear to have an analogical relationship?  A sovereign nation has jurisdiction over its own people. Jurisdiction is a characteristic quality of sovereign. 3/2/

What analogy skills are tested?  Inferring meaning of new words from context clues  Naming the type of relationship two words have  Creating an analogical pair that shows you understand the meaning of a new word This skill will make you a better reader and thinker! STUDY! 3/2/